MOM 2006 journal for pdf.pmd - University of Michigan-Flint

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ADULT AGE DIFFERENCES IN LETTER AND CATEGORY FLUENCY: NEUROANATOMICAL IMPLICATIONS Carissa Broadbridge and Rebecca Anders Faculty Sponsor: Debra McGinnis Department of Psychology, Oakland University Abstract People of all ages tend to generate more words when presented with a category (category fluency) than when presented with the initial letter (letter fluency). The present study (N=128) reveals age-related declines in category fluency, F (2, 125) = 10.197, p < .001 with old-old adults performing worse than the other age groups. In contrast, letter fluency was associated with stability across the life span. This age-related category-letter dissociation may be due to the agerelated declines in brain areas recruited across recall tasks with left temporal activity associated with category recall and left frontal activity with letter recall (Capitani, Laiacona, & Basso, 1998). This study augments the cognitive aging literature by including a sizable sample of adults older than 75. Background Cognitive Aging and the Fourth Age Virtually all cognitive processes are subject to the negative consequences of human aging (Backman, Small, Wahlin, & Larsson, 2000). Recent studies of adults after the age of 75 suggest that the rate of decline may increase after that age. Baltes (1997) refers to this part of the life span as the fourth age, with his data suggesting that this is a time when cognitive declines can be precipitous in a noticeable proportion of older adults. Category and Letter Fluency Semantic memory is among those processes consistent with a rate change in late life, with no or minimal decline before 75, after which deterioration is gradual in most individuals (Backman et al., 2000). Ability to recall information is often tested through verbal fluency. Among all age groups, there is a lower rate of recall in letter fluency tasks than in category fluency tasks (Rodriguez-Aranda, 2003; Brickman, Paul, Cohen, Williams, MacGregor, Jefferson, Tate, Gunstad, & Gordon, 2005). In addition to this, while letter fluency may remain relatively stable over the lifetime, category fluency tends to decline as age increases (Rodriguez-Aranda, 2003; Brickman et al., 2005). Frontal Lobe Hypothesis Some cognitive aging scientists propose that the frontal lobes may be associated with significant age-related deterioration, affecting processes dependent on these neuroanatomical areas (Woodruff-Pak, 1997; Kaszniak & Newman, 2000). Because letter fluency is among the processes dependent on frontal lobe integrity (Lezak, 1995), age-related changes to the frontal lobe may result in letter fluency declines in affected individuals. This dissociation implies that age-related degenerative processes may result in greater declines in frontal lobe processes, such as letter fluency, compared to temporal processes, such as category fluency. Meeting of Minds 2006 18
Hypotheses The current study examined age differences in letter and category fluency. It was hypothesized that a difference in the two tasks will be found, with category fluency scores exceeding letter fluency, yielding a significant main effect of task. In addition, older adults should produce fewer responses overall: a main effect of age group. In addition, it was hypothesized that there will be an age by fluency interaction – with the oldest participants (old-old) producing the lowest scores on the letter fluency task. The latter prediction reflects the frontal lobe hypothesis discussed previously – that aging processes are most deleterious in frontal regions of the brain. It is expected that age groups will not differ on the category task. Method Participants One hundred thirty seven healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 93 participated in this experiment. Participants were grouped by age: young adults aged 18-35 (n = 43); young-old adults aged 65-74 (n = 48) and old-old adults aged 75+ (n = 46). Young participants were recruited through the Psychology subject pool. Participants 65+ were recruited through community organizations throughout Oakland and Macomb Counties in Southeast Michigan. Older participants lived independent in the community and were screened for cognitive and visual impairments. No age differences in education were observed with young adults averaging 13.07 years of education (SD=1.24), young-old, 14.27 (SD = 2.47), and old-old, 13.76 (SD=2.12). Design & Procedure Verbal Fluency: Participants were given sixty seconds to generate words that started with a particular letter. Participants generated words for three letters (r, p, w). Counts reflect total number of words generated. Category Generation: Participants were given sixty seconds to generate words that belonged to a specific category. The categories were “colors,” “fruits,” “animals,” and “towns.” Every word generated was counted unless it was a proper name, abbreviation, or a different form of a previously stated word. Results The average fluency scores for young, young-old, and old-old were found for both verbal and categorical fluency. These are presented in Figure 1. Figure 1: Fluency Means by Age-Group Meeting of Minds 2006 19
Page 1 and 2: Meeting of Minds XIV Journal of Und
Page 3 and 4: ABOUT THE MEETING OF MINDS: JOURNAL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Contribut
Page 7 and 8: DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING: INNER-CITY
Page 9 and 10: 1995. The teacher believed they are
Page 11 and 12: In studies of age related declines
Page 13 and 14: slightly smaller than the incongrue
Page 15 and 16: Since the requirements of surviving
Page 17 and 18: Table 2 Observed behaviors of Imara
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2 Relative frequencies of de
Page 21 and 22: References Alexander, R. D. “The
Page 23: She goes for it. She proves to the
Page 27 and 28: Previous fMRI research suggests tha
Page 29 and 30: [LDL’s] carry cholesterol from th
Page 31 and 32: for amounts in excess of 0.5 grams.
Page 33 and 34: Dewey, David L. “Hydrogenated Oil
Page 35 and 36: These are the tranquillized Fifties
Page 37 and 38: The reader is thrust out of the mem
Page 39 and 40: WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING OUT: CO
Page 41 and 42: What follows is a description of tw
Page 43 and 44: The ceiling of the church is adorne
Page 45 and 46: Against the back wall of the church
Page 47 and 48: Bibliography Bowen, John R. Religio
Page 49 and 50: (Gough, 1957). Because individuals
Page 51 and 52: References Bochner, A., di Salvo V.
Page 53 and 54: It is difficult for many critics, a
Page 55 and 56: It seems clear that Bishop is not a
Page 57 and 58: “SHE WAS ONLY A SLIP OF A THING B
Page 59 and 60: women are strong enough to care for
Page 61 and 62: had the luxury of doing business
Page 63 and 64: Chinese students regularly had as m
Page 65 and 66: The age of the participants ranged
Page 67 and 68: Table 3 illustrates the results of
Page 69 and 70: If I was to further this study, I w
Page 71 and 72: idomain conductivities (σ iL , σ
Page 73 and 74: Meeting of Minds 2006 67
Page 75 and 76:
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ADSOR
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1T 3T 5T Figure 1: The cluster mode
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The N-O bond lengths also show a si
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The relative energies of the NO ads
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INVESTIGATION OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLOO
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were 9 possibilities from the X and
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28 O O RSS NA 8.6 28 O O SSS NA 8.6
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As seen from the distance data abov
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continually touches her and plays w
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In the last scene, Act 5.4, the tra
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Tristan was the one who had her bef
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Bibliography Béroul. The Romance o
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given day one could observe a cheat
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Many countries have taken Latin Ame
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References and Works Cited Andaló,
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differentiates human beings from an
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has to beg the wind to help her. Th
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APOCALYPSE, WHEN? Joanne Chiu Facul
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Lowell’s energetic diction connec
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The apocalypse has come and as with
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RELIGION AS A MANIPULATIVE TOOL IN
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With a sense of his mastery of stra
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References Arenal, Electa and Stace
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constructed a visual lexicon aggres
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them as the hoods plot their next t
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The motivation behind Guston’s re
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LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A PARADOX OF
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GUNTHER VON HAGEN’S GESTALT PLAST
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are borrowed directly from the visu
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In general, science museums do not
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The report suggests that war-crimes
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DATA MINING IN BIOINFORMATICS: USIN
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Zealand, which was ranked 77 th in
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THE JENSEN LANDSCAPE AT HENRY AND C
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number of Boxelder trees increased
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Figure 3. The distribution of Sugar
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THE EFFECT OF RETINOIDS ON REGENERA
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deparaffinized in xylene. After the
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A B C Figure 2 Photographs of tadpo
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IU/mL retinoids is the best concent
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