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individual behavior attempts to answers “proximal” or “how” questions, while “ultimate” or “why” questions based on evolutionary ideas are better answered if directed to groups, populations, and species (Paterson 2001). With this in mind, I begin with great efforts toward accuracy in summarizing and describing the complex social interactions Imara has faced when confronted by dominant females. A typical day for Imara is spent in isolation or seclusion from everyone in the troop usually self-grooming, resting, or scanning. Previous research on chimpanzee personality suggests his behavior may be based on genetic inheritability, age, and sex (Weiss et al. 2000; King et al. 2005). I speculate Imara, who is not quite an adult, may have a social phobia (i.e. fear of being observed) because he voluntarily eliminates himself from the group’s social interactions (e.g. grooming). Grooming is a highly social activity and strengthens bonds between members of the troop. Imara has been observed grooming only Bahati and Trixie, and both seem very accepting of his company. I have observed instances when Bahati appears frustrated with Bubbles and aggression toward her leads to a complex chase of Imara. For example, Bubbles will not acknowledge Bahati presenting, and Bahati will begin an aggressive display. After a few minutes of a stand-off between Bahati and Bubbles, Bubbles will look for Imara and chase him. Several occasions resulted in the whole troop joining and chasing Imara. A few of these chases were instigated by Chiana. Chiana, who has copulated with Imara, may be trying to change her position in the troop. It is important to note that Imara has never presented to any of the females, and regularly turns away from them if they proceed in his direction. Female reproductive strategies are difficult to evaluate and have many variables (Nadler et al. 1994; Boesch 1997; Wrangham 1997; Gagneux et al. 1997). Potential research in this field with Chiana may provide clues to female mating patterns. Additionally, with many chimpanzees in zoos being unrelated, apathy or empathy towards others within a troop is difficult to prove (Silk 2005). Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Barry Bogin for his guidance and patience throughout my undergraduate education. My enthusiasm in primatology and fieldwork began with his belief in my abilities. This opportunity was provided by the Detroit Zoological Institute, Scott Carter, the Curator of Mammals at DZI, and Michelle Sheldon, the Associate Curator of Mammals at DZI. Additionally, I would like to thank Claire Boutain, Richard Boutain, Barbara Boutain, Matthew Boutain, Elizabeth Patterson, and Mike Patterson for the never-ending support behind my wild adventures. Meeting of Minds 2006 14
References Alexander, R. D. “The search for a general theory of behavior.” Behavioral Science 20. (1975): 77-100. Boesch, C. “Evidence for dominant wild female chimpanzees investing more in sons.” Animal Behavior 54. (1997): 811-815. Detroit Zoological Institute, Austin, W. A., & Luedtke, E. Wonders Among Us: Celebrating 75 Years of the Detroit Zoo, ed. Eleanor Luedtke. Royal Oak, MI: Detroit Zoological Society, 2003. Falk, D. Primate Diversity. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. Gagneux, P., Boesch, C., & Woodruff, D.S. “Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild West African chimpanzees.” Animal Behavior 57. (1997): 19-32. King, J.E., Weiss, A., & Farmer, K.H. “A chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) analogue of crossnational generalization of personality structure: zoological parks and an African sanctuary.” Journal of Personality 73, (2005): Nadler, R.D., Dahl, J.F., Collins, D.C., & Gould, K.G. “Sexual behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): male versus female regulation.” Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108. (1994): 58-67. Paterson, J.D. Primate Behavior, 2 nd Ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 2001. Relethford, J. H. The Human Species, 5 th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. —. Reflections of Our Past. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004. Silk, J.B, Brosnan, S.F., Vonk, J., Henrich, J., et al. “Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members.” Nature, 437. (2005): 1357-1359. The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. “Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome.” Nature, 437. (2005): 69-87. The Jane Goodall Institute. The Chimpanzoo Observers Guide. The Jane Goodall Institute, 1991. Weiss, A., King, J.E., & Figueredo, A.J. “The heritability of personality factors in chimpanzees.” Behavior Genetics, 30. (2000): 213-221. Wrangham, R.W. “Subtle, secret female chimpanzees.” Science, 277. (1997): 774-775. Meeting of Minds 2006 15
Page 1 and 2: Meeting of Minds XIV Journal of Und
Page 3 and 4: ABOUT THE MEETING OF MINDS: JOURNAL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Contribut
Page 7 and 8: DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING: INNER-CITY
Page 9 and 10: 1995. The teacher believed they are
Page 11 and 12: In studies of age related declines
Page 13 and 14: slightly smaller than the incongrue
Page 15 and 16: Since the requirements of surviving
Page 17 and 18: Table 2 Observed behaviors of Imara
Page 19: Figure 2 Relative frequencies of de
Page 23 and 24: She goes for it. She proves to the
Page 25 and 26: Hypotheses The current study examin
Page 27 and 28: Previous fMRI research suggests tha
Page 29 and 30: [LDL’s] carry cholesterol from th
Page 31 and 32: for amounts in excess of 0.5 grams.
Page 33 and 34: Dewey, David L. “Hydrogenated Oil
Page 35 and 36: These are the tranquillized Fifties
Page 37 and 38: The reader is thrust out of the mem
Page 39 and 40: WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING OUT: CO
Page 41 and 42: What follows is a description of tw
Page 43 and 44: The ceiling of the church is adorne
Page 45 and 46: Against the back wall of the church
Page 47 and 48: Bibliography Bowen, John R. Religio
Page 49 and 50: (Gough, 1957). Because individuals
Page 51 and 52: References Bochner, A., di Salvo V.
Page 53 and 54: It is difficult for many critics, a
Page 55 and 56: It seems clear that Bishop is not a
Page 57 and 58: “SHE WAS ONLY A SLIP OF A THING B
Page 59 and 60: women are strong enough to care for
Page 61 and 62: had the luxury of doing business
Page 63 and 64: Chinese students regularly had as m
Page 65 and 66: The age of the participants ranged
Page 67 and 68: Table 3 illustrates the results of
Page 69 and 70: If I was to further this study, I w
Page 71 and 72:
idomain conductivities (σ iL , σ
Page 73 and 74:
Meeting of Minds 2006 67
Page 75 and 76:
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ADSOR
Page 77 and 78:
1T 3T 5T Figure 1: The cluster mode
Page 79 and 80:
The N-O bond lengths also show a si
Page 81 and 82:
The relative energies of the NO ads
Page 83 and 84:
INVESTIGATION OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLOO
Page 85 and 86:
were 9 possibilities from the X and
Page 87 and 88:
28 O O RSS NA 8.6 28 O O SSS NA 8.6
Page 89 and 90:
As seen from the distance data abov
Page 91 and 92:
continually touches her and plays w
Page 93 and 94:
In the last scene, Act 5.4, the tra
Page 95 and 96:
Tristan was the one who had her bef
Page 97 and 98:
Bibliography Béroul. The Romance o
Page 99 and 100:
given day one could observe a cheat
Page 101 and 102:
Many countries have taken Latin Ame
Page 103 and 104:
References and Works Cited Andaló,
Page 105 and 106:
differentiates human beings from an
Page 107 and 108:
has to beg the wind to help her. Th
Page 109 and 110:
APOCALYPSE, WHEN? Joanne Chiu Facul
Page 111 and 112:
Lowell’s energetic diction connec
Page 113 and 114:
The apocalypse has come and as with
Page 115 and 116:
RELIGION AS A MANIPULATIVE TOOL IN
Page 117 and 118:
With a sense of his mastery of stra
Page 119 and 120:
References Arenal, Electa and Stace
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constructed a visual lexicon aggres
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them as the hoods plot their next t
Page 125 and 126:
The motivation behind Guston’s re
Page 127 and 128:
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A PARADOX OF
Page 129 and 130:
GUNTHER VON HAGEN’S GESTALT PLAST
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are borrowed directly from the visu
Page 133 and 134:
In general, science museums do not
Page 135 and 136:
The report suggests that war-crimes
Page 137 and 138:
DATA MINING IN BIOINFORMATICS: USIN
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Zealand, which was ranked 77 th in
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THE JENSEN LANDSCAPE AT HENRY AND C
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number of Boxelder trees increased
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Figure 3. The distribution of Sugar
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THE EFFECT OF RETINOIDS ON REGENERA
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deparaffinized in xylene. After the
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A B C Figure 2 Photographs of tadpo
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IU/mL retinoids is the best concent
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