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In a world driven by profits, it is no surprise that this reverse cultural imperialism is already being capitalized on by the US media conglomerates. Telenovelas may be a product of Latin America, but it doesn’t mean that the United States won’t try to emulate the format of the wildly popular form of culture in the Spanish language. While the largest US Spanish-language network, Univision, purchases telenovelas from the Latin American production companies, its closest competitor, Telemundo, creates its own dramas using a similar format. This has increased international competition because the cultural flows in this case are moving North to South instead of South to North, thereby reversing the “reverse cultural imperialism” (Martinez). The network, or cultural flows, model sees globalization as “a process that is increasing international dialogue, empowering minorities, and building progressive solidarity” (Crane 9). Telenovelas are produced in several countries from the same region, but the programs are exported to over 100 countries worldwide that do not even necessarily speak Spanish. As the elements of telenovelas are taken in by other cultures, they are often modified and adapted to suit the needs of that culture. This process is seen as cultural hybridization, rather than the cultural homogenization seen in the cultural imperialism theory (Crane 4). In this respect no culture is “dominant”, but rather everyone is able to share in a form of media that people can relate to and are interested in viewing. According to Crane, “the increasing importance of regions as producers of and markets for their own media provides support for a network model of cultural globalization” (Crane 7). Lastly, according to the cultural policy strategies model proposed by Crane, nations form strategies that protect local culture while still allowing cultural imports. Examples of these strategies include protection, positioning, local competition to balance the amount of cultural imports, and global localization. According to this model there is no orderly process to cultural globalization, but rather chaos of competition and conflict (Crane 4). We have seen such strategies in practice in countries that adapt the telenovelas to suit local needs, such as in China and India. We have also seen positioning and protectionism in Malaysia where too much fervor over the Latin American programming is alarming to the government, which lead to the creation of local programming in an effort to distract viewers. Lastly, global localization refers to genres that are adapted to local audiences, leading not to cultural homogenization but rather a widespread diffusion of a cultural form that originated in one region but has become part of local culture in many countries around the world (Crane 17). The telenovela has become a global cultural product with universal themes that apply to just about everyone, with or without local modification. Meeting of Minds 2006 96
References and Works Cited Andaló, Paula. “Love, Tears, Betrayal…and Health Messages.” Perspectives in Health Magazine 8 (2003). http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number17_article2_1.htm Australia. The Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance. Submission by Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance to the Australia-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement Scoping Study. Nov. 2004. http://www.alliance.org.au/docman/task,doc_download/gid,221/Itemid,28/ Barrera, Vivian and Denise D Bielby. “Places, faces, and other familiar things: The cultural experience of telenovela viewing among Latinos in the United States.” Journal of Popular Culture 34 (Spring 2001): 1-18. Bielby, Denise D and C. Lee Harrington. “Markets and Meanings: The Global Syndication of Television Programming.” Crane et al. 215-232. Biltereyst, Daniel and Philippe Meers. “The international telenovela debate and the contra-flow argument: a reappraisal.” Media, Culture & Society 22 (2000): 393-413. Crane, Diana, et al. Global culture: media, arts, policy and globalization. New York: Routledge, 2002. Crane, Diana. “Culture and Globalization: Theoretical Models and Emerging Trends.” Crane et al. 1-25. Jaspar, Nathalie. “Asia’s Love Affair.” WorldScreen. Dec. 2003. http://www.worldscreen.com/featuresarchive.php?filename=NOVELAS-ASIA-1203 “Latino soaps go global.” Television Business International 1 January, 2004: pg. 1. Martinez, Ibsen. “Romancing the Globe.” Foreign Policy 151 (Nov/Dec 2005): 48 – 56. Pen, Leticia. “The Global Allure of Telenovelas.” ColorLines 7 (30 Apr 2004): pg. 37. Razdan, Anjula. “Latin Lovers.” The Utne Reader 113 (Sep/Oct 2002): pg. 20. Rogers, Everett M. and Livia Antola. “Telenovelas: A Latin American Success Story.” Journal of Communication 35 (Fall 1985): pg. 24. Meeting of Minds 2006 97
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Meeting of Minds XIV Journal of Und
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ABOUT THE MEETING OF MINDS: JOURNAL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Contribut
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DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING: INNER-CITY
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1995. The teacher believed they are
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In studies of age related declines
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slightly smaller than the incongrue
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Since the requirements of surviving
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Table 2 Observed behaviors of Imara
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Figure 2 Relative frequencies of de
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References Alexander, R. D. “The
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She goes for it. She proves to the
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Hypotheses The current study examin
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Previous fMRI research suggests tha
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[LDL’s] carry cholesterol from th
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for amounts in excess of 0.5 grams.
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Dewey, David L. “Hydrogenated Oil
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These are the tranquillized Fifties
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The reader is thrust out of the mem
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WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING OUT: CO
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What follows is a description of tw
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The ceiling of the church is adorne
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Against the back wall of the church
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Bibliography Bowen, John R. Religio
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(Gough, 1957). Because individuals
Page 51 and 52: References Bochner, A., di Salvo V.
Page 53 and 54: It is difficult for many critics, a
Page 55 and 56: It seems clear that Bishop is not a
Page 57 and 58: “SHE WAS ONLY A SLIP OF A THING B
Page 59 and 60: women are strong enough to care for
Page 61 and 62: had the luxury of doing business
Page 63 and 64: Chinese students regularly had as m
Page 65 and 66: The age of the participants ranged
Page 67 and 68: Table 3 illustrates the results of
Page 69 and 70: If I was to further this study, I w
Page 71 and 72: idomain conductivities (σ iL , σ
Page 73 and 74: Meeting of Minds 2006 67
Page 75 and 76: THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ADSOR
Page 77 and 78: 1T 3T 5T Figure 1: The cluster mode
Page 79 and 80: The N-O bond lengths also show a si
Page 81 and 82: The relative energies of the NO ads
Page 83 and 84: INVESTIGATION OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLOO
Page 85 and 86: were 9 possibilities from the X and
Page 87 and 88: 28 O O RSS NA 8.6 28 O O SSS NA 8.6
Page 89 and 90: As seen from the distance data abov
Page 91 and 92: continually touches her and plays w
Page 93 and 94: In the last scene, Act 5.4, the tra
Page 95 and 96: Tristan was the one who had her bef
Page 97 and 98: Bibliography Béroul. The Romance o
Page 99 and 100: given day one could observe a cheat
Page 101: Many countries have taken Latin Ame
Page 105 and 106: differentiates human beings from an
Page 107 and 108: has to beg the wind to help her. Th
Page 109 and 110: APOCALYPSE, WHEN? Joanne Chiu Facul
Page 111 and 112: Lowell’s energetic diction connec
Page 113 and 114: The apocalypse has come and as with
Page 115 and 116: RELIGION AS A MANIPULATIVE TOOL IN
Page 117 and 118: With a sense of his mastery of stra
Page 119 and 120: References Arenal, Electa and Stace
Page 121 and 122: constructed a visual lexicon aggres
Page 123 and 124: them as the hoods plot their next t
Page 125 and 126: The motivation behind Guston’s re
Page 127 and 128: LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A PARADOX OF
Page 129 and 130: GUNTHER VON HAGEN’S GESTALT PLAST
Page 131 and 132: are borrowed directly from the visu
Page 133 and 134: In general, science museums do not
Page 135 and 136: The report suggests that war-crimes
Page 137 and 138: DATA MINING IN BIOINFORMATICS: USIN
Page 139 and 140: Zealand, which was ranked 77 th in
Page 141 and 142: THE JENSEN LANDSCAPE AT HENRY AND C
Page 143 and 144: number of Boxelder trees increased
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. The distribution of Sugar
Page 147 and 148: THE EFFECT OF RETINOIDS ON REGENERA
Page 149 and 150: deparaffinized in xylene. After the
Page 151 and 152: A B C Figure 2 Photographs of tadpo
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IU/mL retinoids is the best concent
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