MOM 2006 journal for pdf.pmd - University of Michigan-Flint

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INHIBITION AND AGING: EVIDENCE FROM THE STROOP COLOR NAMING TASK IN ADULTS AGED 18 TO 90 Nicole Cardiff Faculty Sponsor: Debra McGinnis Department of Psychology, Oakland University Abstract Psychological research in aging suggests that older adults may experience declines in inhibitory processes. The Stroop task is among the measures used to study these processes (Stroop, 1935). The present study included data from 190 adults: 67 young adults aged 18-35, 60 aged 60-74 (young-old), and 63 adults aged 75 and older (old-old). The present analysis focuses on two Stroop conditions that measure (1) susceptibility to interference (stating the color for words printed in a different color) and (2) perseveration (stating the color for words when the target response was the suppressed response on the previous trial). Our results indicate a significant difference with old-old adult scores lower for both conditions than the other age groups. The relevance of our data to psychological theories pertaining to inhibition and aging will be highlighted, particularly as these are relevant to adults over 75 years. Introduction Since 1988, cognitive aging scientists have examined the viability of the Inhibition Hypothesis to explain various age-related declines in cognitive processes. The Inhibition Hypothesis states that as one ages there is a decline in the ability to suppress non-target information. The inhibitory deficit hypothesis, states that as one ages their ability to inhibit irrelevant information declines (Hasher & Zacks, 1988). In other words, older adults may have more problems suppressing irrelevant information with the activation of this information interfering with higher-order cognitive processes, such as comprehension or reasoning. One type of inhibitory problem pertains to susceptibility to random interference and a second type of inhibitory problem pertains to problems disassociating with information that used to be relevant but must be ignored or suppressed for efficient processing to occur. In contrast, other theories suggest age-related declines in inhibition could be contributed to general slowing of the cognitive processes with age. This general slowing theory suggests that the aging process decreases response time. Thus, it is not a specific area of decline (like inhibitory processing) but a widespread decline in all areas due to the aging process. The Stroop task is one instrument used to examine inhibition (Stroop, 1935). The Stroop task consists of trials in which the individual is asked to identify the color of the word. The Stroop effect occurs when the response time is longer for trials in which the word and the color the word is presented in is different in comparison to trials that the word and the color of the word are the same. West & Alain (2000) studied the increase in the Stroop effect in older adults and hypothesized that impaired inhibitory processes, rather than general slowing, was responsible for age-related declines in inhibition tasks. Their findings support the theory impaired inhibitory processes affected Stroop performance, rather than age-related slowing (general slowing). Meeting of Minds 2006 4
In studies of age related declines in inhibition, negative priming may be the most appropriate indicator of inhibition. Negative priming occurs when the information to be ignored on the prime trial becomes the target response on the next trial. For example, if the word ‘yellow’ is presented in red ink on the first trail the target response is ‘red’ and ‘yellow’ is to be ignored Negative priming occurs when the next trial requires that the participant respond ‘yellow’ which should be slowed because the participant may still be suppressing that response. Failure to respond correctly or very slow response times reflects interference from previously-relevant information, or perseveration. It is possible that participants actually tag (mentally) the non-response information and that this is problematic when these words (or other information) become the response shortly thereafter (Little & Hartley, 2000). Hasher et al (1991) studied the carryover effects of negative priming on older adults using a letter-naming task. Subjects were presented with a pair of letters, a distractor and the target, and asked to either name the red or green letter. Negative priming conditions used the distractor letter of previous trials were used as the target letter on the next trial. Results revealed that younger adults had significantly slower response times on the negative priming condition. Hasher et al (1991) attribute the lack of negative priming effect on older adults to the inability of processing the distractor on the prime trial, thus there was no carryover effect to the next trial. In our study susceptibility to interfering information and perseveration were both measured using the Stroop task. We included the young -old and old-old populations to study age effects in inhibitory processes, with particular emphasis on the performance of the old-old compared to the other two groups. Our hypothesis is that the largest age differences will be associated with the negative priming task, the next largest with the interference task, and the smallest with the color naming task. Specifically, the old-old, 75 years or older, will display the most susceptibility to random interference and perseveration or have the largest effect size (the biggest effect of age on Stroop performance). Method Participants Participants included 190 community dwelling adults. Of these 190 participants, 67 were aged 18-35, 60 aged 60-74, and 63 aged 75 and older. Please see Table 1. Table 1: Sample Demographics Young Young-Old Old-Old Range 18-35 60-74 75+ N 67 60 63 Education 12.81 14.24 13.46 MMSE 29.12 28.12 27.43 Meeting of Minds 2006 5
Page 1 and 2: Meeting of Minds XIV Journal of Und
Page 3 and 4: ABOUT THE MEETING OF MINDS: JOURNAL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Contribut
Page 7 and 8: DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING: INNER-CITY
Page 9: 1995. The teacher believed they are
Page 13 and 14: slightly smaller than the incongrue
Page 15 and 16: Since the requirements of surviving
Page 17 and 18: Table 2 Observed behaviors of Imara
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2 Relative frequencies of de
Page 21 and 22: References Alexander, R. D. “The
Page 23 and 24: She goes for it. She proves to the
Page 25 and 26: Hypotheses The current study examin
Page 27 and 28: Previous fMRI research suggests tha
Page 29 and 30: [LDL’s] carry cholesterol from th
Page 31 and 32: for amounts in excess of 0.5 grams.
Page 33 and 34: Dewey, David L. “Hydrogenated Oil
Page 35 and 36: These are the tranquillized Fifties
Page 37 and 38: The reader is thrust out of the mem
Page 39 and 40: WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING OUT: CO
Page 41 and 42: What follows is a description of tw
Page 43 and 44: The ceiling of the church is adorne
Page 45 and 46: Against the back wall of the church
Page 47 and 48: Bibliography Bowen, John R. Religio
Page 49 and 50: (Gough, 1957). Because individuals
Page 51 and 52: References Bochner, A., di Salvo V.
Page 53 and 54: It is difficult for many critics, a
Page 55 and 56: It seems clear that Bishop is not a
Page 57 and 58: “SHE WAS ONLY A SLIP OF A THING B
Page 59 and 60: women are strong enough to care for
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had the luxury of doing business
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Chinese students regularly had as m
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The age of the participants ranged
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Table 3 illustrates the results of
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If I was to further this study, I w
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idomain conductivities (σ iL , σ
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Meeting of Minds 2006 67
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THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ADSOR
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1T 3T 5T Figure 1: The cluster mode
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The N-O bond lengths also show a si
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The relative energies of the NO ads
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INVESTIGATION OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLOO
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were 9 possibilities from the X and
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28 O O RSS NA 8.6 28 O O SSS NA 8.6
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As seen from the distance data abov
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continually touches her and plays w
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In the last scene, Act 5.4, the tra
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Tristan was the one who had her bef
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Bibliography Béroul. The Romance o
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given day one could observe a cheat
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Many countries have taken Latin Ame
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References and Works Cited Andaló,
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differentiates human beings from an
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has to beg the wind to help her. Th
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APOCALYPSE, WHEN? Joanne Chiu Facul
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Lowell’s energetic diction connec
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The apocalypse has come and as with
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RELIGION AS A MANIPULATIVE TOOL IN
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With a sense of his mastery of stra
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References Arenal, Electa and Stace
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constructed a visual lexicon aggres
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them as the hoods plot their next t
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The motivation behind Guston’s re
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LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A PARADOX OF
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GUNTHER VON HAGEN’S GESTALT PLAST
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are borrowed directly from the visu
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In general, science museums do not
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The report suggests that war-crimes
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DATA MINING IN BIOINFORMATICS: USIN
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Zealand, which was ranked 77 th in
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THE JENSEN LANDSCAPE AT HENRY AND C
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number of Boxelder trees increased
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Figure 3. The distribution of Sugar
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THE EFFECT OF RETINOIDS ON REGENERA
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deparaffinized in xylene. After the
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A B C Figure 2 Photographs of tadpo
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IU/mL retinoids is the best concent
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