Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics
Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics
Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics
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E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s<br />
normative partiality 4.38–4.40, Box 4.1<br />
nucleic acids, alternative 2.22<br />
objects, ambiguous 3.19–3.20<br />
off-label prescribing 3.9, 9.64<br />
open innovati<strong>on</strong> 6.28, 9.46<br />
openness and inclusi<strong>on</strong>, virtue of 4.46<br />
open source biology 2.37<br />
open source software 9.46<br />
opportunity costs 1.16–1.18, 1.30, 1.34, 4.25<br />
optical tweezers 2.25<br />
optimism 1.4–1.6, 2.41, 2.44<br />
Organisati<strong>on</strong> for Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Co-operati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
Development (OECD) 6.5, 7.27–7.28,<br />
8.25<br />
orphan drugs 9.20<br />
Oxford Nanopore 9.37, Box 9.1<br />
paradigms, technological 1.31, 3.24<br />
Parkins<strong>on</strong>'s disease 2.16<br />
Parliament, UK 5.64<br />
partiality, normative 4.38–4.40, Box 4.1<br />
patent box initiative 9.52<br />
patents 9.14–9.17, 10.20<br />
avoidance 9.46<br />
commercialisati<strong>on</strong> rates 3.5<br />
counts, UK 7.27<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omics 9.28–9.31<br />
excessively broad 9.22, 9.25–9.26, 9.45<br />
human embryo-derived inventi<strong>on</strong>s 2.6<br />
inadequacies 9.22–9.27<br />
prior user rights 9.18<br />
remedies for problems 9.45–9.47<br />
short durati<strong>on</strong> 9.22, 9.26–9.27<br />
in specific types of <str<strong>on</strong>g>biotechnologies</str<strong>on</strong>g> 9.34–<br />
9.41<br />
speculative 9.16, 9.24<br />
system, purposes and operati<strong>on</strong> 9.15–9.17<br />
see also intellectual property rights<br />
path dependency 1.30–1.33, 3.24<br />
pathways, technological<br />
alternative 1.17–1.18, 3.36, 10.5<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tingency and its c<strong>on</strong>sequences 1.19–<br />
1.33<br />
evaluating commitments to specific 1.18<br />
timescales 2.28, 2.43, 4.50<br />
unpredictability 1.14<br />
peer review 6.49, 6.55<br />
perfect storm narrative 6.36<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>alised medicine 1.10, 1.14, 2.14–2.15,<br />
6.12, 9.51<br />
pessimism 1.4–1.6, 2.44<br />
phage display technology 9.3<br />
pharmaceutical biotechnology 2.12–2.13<br />
pharmaceutical industry<br />
acquiring smaller firms 7.4, 9.10<br />
assumpti<strong>on</strong>s about UK-based 7.21, 7.29–<br />
7.31<br />
biotechnological applicati<strong>on</strong>s 2.12–2.13<br />
commercialisati<strong>on</strong> problems 9.29–9.31,<br />
9.35–9.36<br />
growth rate 7.43<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>alised medicine and 1.10<br />
profit motive 9.8–9.12<br />
remedies for commercialisati<strong>on</strong> problems<br />
9.48–9.51, 9.55–9.67<br />
research 6.5, 7.38, 7.44<br />
selective use of evidence 4.49<br />
see also drug discovery/development<br />
pharmaceuticals see drugs<br />
pharming 2.10<br />
philanthropy 6.14, 6.22<br />
φ X174 bacteriophage 2.20<br />
photosynthesis, artificial 2.26<br />
physicists 6.19<br />
pigs, genetically modified (GM) 2.11<br />
plant breeding 1.8<br />
ambiguous practices 3.17<br />
commercialisati<strong>on</strong> problems 9.35–9.36,<br />
9.38–9.39, Box 9.2, 9.41<br />
incentivising 9.68–9.69<br />
see also genetically modified (GM) food<br />
crops<br />
Plato 4.12<br />
'playing God' 3.18, Box 3.2<br />
pluralism 4.22<br />
policy, research 7<br />
assumpti<strong>on</strong>s underlying 7.21–7.43<br />
charities 7.18–7.19<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol of research councils 7.50–7.56<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth agenda 7.10–7.17, 10.4,<br />
10.9<br />
ethically and strategically flawed 10.4<br />
evoluti<strong>on</strong> of UK advisory framework 7.6–<br />
7.9<br />
fostering diversity of approaches 7.48,<br />
10.15<br />
framing 7.20–7.56, 7.59–7.61, 10.9, 10.13<br />
Haldane principle 5.63, 7.50, 7.56<br />
need for a more critical approach 7.44–<br />
7.46<br />
recommendati<strong>on</strong>s 7.32, 7.46, 7.48, 7.56,<br />
10.9–10.18<br />
single UK Government 7.56, 10.18<br />
strategic orientati<strong>on</strong> 7.6–7.19<br />
polio virus 2.20<br />
polyketides 2.21<br />
power 4.38, 5.14–5.19<br />
practices 1.13<br />
ambiguous 3.17–3.18<br />
precauti<strong>on</strong>ary principle 4.55, 8.14, 8.33–8.38<br />
pre-competitive research 9.47<br />
presbyopia, technological 2.33<br />
Presidential Commissi<strong>on</strong> for the Study of<br />
Bioethical Issues, US Box 3.2<br />
private goods 4.7<br />
private sector<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> research policy 7.13<br />
funding of research 6.13–6.14, 7.5, 7.11<br />
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