Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s normative partiality 4.38–4.40, Box 4.1 nucleic acids, alternative 2.22 objects, ambiguous 3.19–3.20 off-label prescribing 3.9, 9.64 open innovation 6.28, 9.46 openness and inclusion, virtue of 4.46 open source biology 2.37 open source software 9.46 opportunity costs 1.16–1.18, 1.30, 1.34, 4.25 optical tweezers 2.25 optimism 1.4–1.6, 2.41, 2.44 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 6.5, 7.27–7.28, 8.25 orphan drugs 9.20 Oxford Nanopore 9.37, Box 9.1 paradigms, technological 1.31, 3.24 Parkinson's disease 2.16 Parliament, UK 5.64 partiality, normative 4.38–4.40, Box 4.1 patent box initiative 9.52 patents 9.14–9.17, 10.20 avoidance 9.46 commercialisation rates 3.5 counts, UK 7.27 economics 9.28–9.31 excessively broad 9.22, 9.25–9.26, 9.45 human embryo-derived inventions 2.6 inadequacies 9.22–9.27 prior user rights 9.18 remedies for problems 9.45–9.47 short duration 9.22, 9.26–9.27 in specific types of <strong>biotechnologies</strong> 9.34– 9.41 speculative 9.16, 9.24 system, purposes and operation 9.15–9.17 see also intellectual property rights path dependency 1.30–1.33, 3.24 pathways, technological alternative 1.17–1.18, 3.36, 10.5 contingency and its consequences 1.19– 1.33 evaluating commitments to specific 1.18 timescales 2.28, 2.43, 4.50 unpredictability 1.14 peer review 6.49, 6.55 perfect storm narrative 6.36 personalised medicine 1.10, 1.14, 2.14–2.15, 6.12, 9.51 pessimism 1.4–1.6, 2.44 phage display technology 9.3 pharmaceutical biotechnology 2.12–2.13 pharmaceutical industry acquiring smaller firms 7.4, 9.10 assumptions about UK-based 7.21, 7.29– 7.31 biotechnological applications 2.12–2.13 commercialisation problems 9.29–9.31, 9.35–9.36 growth rate 7.43 personalised medicine and 1.10 profit motive 9.8–9.12 remedies for commercialisation problems 9.48–9.51, 9.55–9.67 research 6.5, 7.38, 7.44 selective use of evidence 4.49 see also drug discovery/development pharmaceuticals see drugs pharming 2.10 philanthropy 6.14, 6.22 φ X174 bacteriophage 2.20 photosynthesis, artificial 2.26 physicists 6.19 pigs, genetically modified (GM) 2.11 plant breeding 1.8 ambiguous practices 3.17 commercialisation problems 9.35–9.36, 9.38–9.39, Box 9.2, 9.41 incentivising 9.68–9.69 see also genetically modified (GM) food crops Plato 4.12 'playing God' 3.18, Box 3.2 pluralism 4.22 policy, research 7 assumptions underlying 7.21–7.43 charities 7.18–7.19 control of research councils 7.50–7.56 economic growth agenda 7.10–7.17, 10.4, 10.9 ethically and strategically flawed 10.4 evolution of UK advisory framework 7.6– 7.9 fostering diversity of approaches 7.48, 10.15 framing 7.20–7.56, 7.59–7.61, 10.9, 10.13 Haldane principle 5.63, 7.50, 7.56 need for a more critical approach 7.44– 7.46 recommendations 7.32, 7.46, 7.48, 7.56, 10.9–10.18 single UK Government 7.56, 10.18 strategic orientation 7.6–7.19 polio virus 2.20 polyketides 2.21 power 4.38, 5.14–5.19 practices 1.13 ambiguous 3.17–3.18 precautionary principle 4.55, 8.14, 8.33–8.38 pre-competitive research 9.47 presbyopia, technological 2.33 Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, US Box 3.2 private goods 4.7 private sector consultation on research policy 7.13 funding of research 6.13–6.14, 7.5, 7.11 204
E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s role in regulation 8.20 scientists, motives 9.6–9.7, 9.9–9.12 see also charities; industry procedural narratives 2.36–2.38 procedural virtues 4.43–4.55, 4.57 productivity paradox 1.25, 2.33, 7.20 products 1.13 ambiguous 3.19–3.20 as marketable goods 4.7 profit motive 9.2, 9.5–9.12 promise-requirement cycle 6.45 protocells 2.20, 3.19 public, the 5.7, 5.66 communication of scientists with 5.34– 5.35, 6.51–6.53, 10.10 engaged 5.9–5.19 expectations of research 6.47 the media and 5.10–5.13 sources of information 5.11 publication rates, UK research 7.24, 7.27–7.28 public benefits 4.4 public discourse in policy making, reduced 7.9 recommendation for conducting 6.53, 10.10 public discourse ethics 4.41–4.55, 10.6–10.7 procedural virtues 4.43–4.55 tool for operationalising 5.2 public engagement 5.2–5.5, 5.20–5.68, 10.7– 10.8 biotechnological exceptionalism 5.61–5.65 bottom-up 5.55–5.57 deliberation and decisiveness 5.43–5.46 dilemmas 5.38–5.60, 5.68 informing and eliciting 5.52–5.54 instrumental rationale 5.26 modes and methods 5.32–5.37 normative rationale 5.25 policy relevance 5.47–5.49 purposes and values 5.28–5.31 rationales for 5.20–5.27 regulatory system 8.29, 8.36, 8.47 <strong>report</strong>ing of outcomes 5.46, 5.68, 10.8 representativeness 5.50–5.51 research policy decisions 7.54–7.55, 10.16 substantive rationale 5.27 top-down 5.55–5.57 upstream 5.40–5.42 vs market forces 5.58–5.60 public ethics 4.2, 4.17–4.59, 5.66, 10.4 applying 4.41–4.55 framing science policy 6.37, 10.9 good faith 4.33 in situ 4.34–4.40 moral mission 4.23–4.27 public good and 4.17–4.19 values underlying 4.28–4.32, 4.56 work of 4.20–4.22 public good(s) 4.6–4.9 commercialisation and 9.71, 10.21 defined 4.6 global 4.8 patent protection 9.13–9.33 public ethics and 4.17–4.19 scientific knowledge as 4.6, 7.33–7.35, 9.13 public harms 4.5 public interest 4.56, 10.4 identifying 4.38–4.39 sources of 4.3–4.16 publicly funded research 6.7–6.10 economic growth agenda 7.10–7.11 influences on researchers 6.23–6.26 justifications for 7.21, 7.33–7.35 need for public engagement 5.61 patent protection and 9.13 policy control of research councils 7.50– 7.56 promoting public good 10.13 public interest in 4.9 role in economic growth 7.36–7.41 public perspectives 5 eliciting 5.54 terminology 5.6–5.8 public private partnerships (PPP) Box 9.3 public reasoning, virtue of 4.49, 6.53 public resources, fair and effective use 4.9 publics 5.7 public sphere 5.7 public values 4.28–4.32, 4.56 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) 9.57–9.58 quantum dots 2.25 quotas 5.37 random sampling 5.37 rational choice theory 3.21 rational drug design 2.12, 3.24 Rawls, John 4.17 recombinant DNA technology 2.7–2.13, 8.20 reductive approaches, bioscience 6.19 regenerative medicine 2.5–2.6, 7.16 regulation 8, 10.19 accountability 8.24–8.25, 8.29 breaching/breaking the rules 8.28 breadth and depth 8.30 cautionary approaches 8.33–8.38, 8.46 command and control 8.40 coordination 8.27 design 8.41–8.44 flexible 8.41 hard 8.31 light touch 8.41–8.42 multilevel 8.19 national 8.17–8.18 organisation 8.15–8.25 problems 8.26–8.31 public engagement 8.29 I N D E X 205
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Emerging b
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Emerging b
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Secretariat Hugh Whittall (Director
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Foreword 1 The use of living organi
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Terms of reference 1. To examine co
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Applying public ethics: towards a p
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E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l
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Part 1 Understanding emerging <stro
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Chapter 2 Biotechnology promises an
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Chapter 3 The threefold challenge o
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Chapter 5 Public perspectives
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Chapter 6 Research
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Chapter 9 Commercialisation
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Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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