Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s policy control of research councils 7.50– 7.56 recommendations to 7.32, 7.46, 7.56, 10.12–10.18 research institutes 6.5 research policy see policy, research synthetic biology roadmap 6.33–6.35 see also departments, Government Government Office for Science 7.8 governments influence over the media 5.16 provision of public goods 4.8 scientific advisors 6.57–6.60 'great chain of being' 4.12 green revolution 1.4, 1.8 groupthink 3.31, 4.49 Haber-Bosch process 1.8 Habermas, Jürgen 4.42, 5.7 Haldane, JBS 4.12 Haldane principle 5.63, 7.50, 7.56, 10.17 HapMap 2.15 harms (due to <strong>biotechnologies</strong>) ambiguities 3.14–3.16 attitudes and expectations 1.5, Box 1.1 biosafety and biosecurity 8.4–8.8 biotechnology wager 1.1–1.2 ethical considerations 4.23–4.27, 4.50– 4.51, 4.56 examples 1.7–1.12 public nature 4.5 uncertainties 3.8–3.9 see also risk health care sector 9.3, 9.8 health impact fund (HIF) 9.60–9.67 impact on marketing costs 9.64 internationalisation 9.67 social shaping effects 9.65–9.66 Herceptin® 2.12 Higher Education Funding <strong>Council</strong> for England (HEFCE) 6.40, 7.10–7.11 HIV 1.10, 2.21 Home Office Animal Procedures Committee 8.24 Horizon 2020 programme 6.11–6.12 hostile uses 8.9–8.11 Human Brain Project 6.12 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) 7.8, 8.22 Human Genetics Commission (HGC) 7.7–7.8 Human Genome Project (HGP) 2.15–2.16 Humira® 9.3 hype cycle, Gartner consultancy's 2.32 iGEM competition 6.56 impact of <strong>biotechnologies</strong> 1.5, Box 1.1 assessment 6.44 ethical representation 4.50–4.51 impact of research 4.51, 6.38–6.46 assessment 6.41, 6.46 focus on 6.38–6.39 pathways 6.42 predicted in research policies 7.17–7.18 recommendation 6.46, 10.10 impact payments 9.60–9.69, 10.21 industrial revolution Box 3.3 industry advice from 4.36 funding of research 6.13, 7.5, 7.38 influence over research councils 5.63, 6.27, 7.52 influence over the media 5.16, 5.19 profit motive 9.5–9.12 research settings 6.5, 6.6 steering research directions 6.27–6.35 see also commercial firms; pharmaceutical industry; private sector influenza avian Box 3.1, 8.11 pandemics 1.10 vaccine production 8.23 virus synthesis 3.9 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 2.17 information revolution 1.4, 7.42 information technology 1.14, 2.37 inhibition of research 7.1 Innovation and Knowledge Centres 6.9 Innovation and research strategy for growth (BIS) 7.12, 7.14 insecticides 2.21 institutional bias 3.31 insulin 2.10, 2.12 integrative approaches, bioscience 6.19 intellectual property rights (IPR) 9.13–9.72, 10.20 economics 9.28–9.31 global context 9.39, Box 9.2 incentives and 9.55–9.70 influencing directions of research 6.18– 6.19 limitations 9.21–9.27, 9.72 relevant types 9.14–9.20 in specific types of <strong>biotechnologies</strong> 9.34– 9.41 see also patents interdisciplinary approaches 10.2 decision-making 5.29–5.31, 7.9 research 6.19, 6.61 International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition 6.56 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) 6.30–6.31 internet 3.8, 5.11, 5.12 intrinsic potentialities 1.20–1.21 invention, 'UK is good at' claims 7.21, 7.23– 7.32 investment 7.4–7.5 economic growth and 7.36–7.41 profit motive 9.5–9.7 202
E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s slowing returns on 7.44 see also funding, research 'invisible hand' (Adam Smith) 9.2 in vitro fertilisation (IVF) 2.2, 2.42 Islam 4.11 IT Future of Medicine (ITFoM) project 2.17, 6.12 J. Craig Venter Institute 3.18, Box 3.2 John Innes Centre 6.5 journalists 5.17, 6.52 journals, scientific 6.49 Judaism 4.11 Jurassic Park (film) 2.38 just reward, principle of 4.29 milk, transgenic animals 2.10 Mill, JS 4.24 minister of state, proposed new 7.56, 10.17 Ministry of Defence (MoD) 6.10 mission (function) creep 6.59, 6.62, 7.8 molecular <strong>biotechnologies</strong> 2.7–2.13 molecular machines 2.25–2.26 momentum, technological 1.24 monoclonal antibodies 2.12, 9.3, 9.16, 9.25 Monsanto Box 9.2 Moore's law 3.23, 6.30 moral mission 4.23–4.27 motor car 3.8 multinational companies 7.38 Mycoplasma mycoides 2.20, Box 3.2 I N D E X knowledge (scientific) economic rationality and pursuit of 9.5–9.7 lack of see uncertainty as a public good 4.6, 7.33–7.35, 9.13 researchers as gatekeepers 6.55–6.56 knowledge deficit model 5.52 Kraig Biocraft Laboratories 2.10 Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), MRC 6.5, 7.4 language games 4.50 leadership councils 6.35, 7.13 licensing, compulsory 9.45 life, artificial Box 3.2 living things, value of 4.10–4.14 lock-in, technological 1.8, 1.24–1.26, 1.28, 3.24 malaria 1.10 mammoth, woolly 2.38 managerial capitalism 9.6–9.7 marketable goods 4.7 marketing costs, drug 9.64 marketing exclusivity 9.20–9.21 market mechanism 9.2 failures 9.29–9.30, 9.36, 9.38, 9.40–9.41, 9.71, 10.21 vs public engagement 5.58–5.60 material contexts 1.19–1.33, 3.25 media, the 2.30 creation of expectations 2.38 framing by 5.15–5.18, Box 5.1 influences of others over 5.14–5.19 influences on public opinion 5.10–5.13 medical charities 6.14, 7.3, 7.5, 7.18–7.19 medical research 7.16, 7.46 Medical Research <strong>Council</strong> (MRC) 6.5, 6.7, 7.4, 7.16, 7.46, 7.53–7.54 medicines see drugs Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) 8.23, 8.26 metabolic pathway engineering 2.21 methodological scepticism 2.39–2.44, 2.46 me-too problem 9.32–9.33, 9.36, 9.55 nanobot 2.38 nanodevices 2.26 nanomedicine 2.27, 7.54 nano-oncology 2.27 nanophobia-phobia 6.47 nanopropellers 2.26 nanoscale techniques 2.25 nanotechnology 2.24–2.27, 2.38 economic exploitability 7.40 Grand Challenges 6.37 patents 9.22–9.23 public engagement 5.51, 7.54 public expectations and responses 6.47 regulatory aspects 8.13 strategy advisory panels 7.53–7.54 narratives procedural 2.36–2.38 salvational 6.36–6.37 National Health Service (NHS) 7.16, 9.57– 9.59, 9.62 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 9.57, 9.62 National Institutes of Health, US 6.37 National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), US Box 3.1, 8.9, 8.11 National Science Foundation, US 6.38 national security 4.8 Nature (journal) Box 3.1 new active substance (NAS) 9.10, 9.32, 9.42, 9.51 New and <strong>Emerging</strong> Science and Technologies (NEST) 6.11 new chemical entities (NCEs) 9.10 new economic history Box 3.3 Nexia 2.10, 2.28 non-excludable goods 4.6–4.7, 7.33, 9.13 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 6.14, 7.53 non-partiality 4.42 non-privacy 4.42 non-rivalrous goods 4.6, 9.13, 9.29 non-specialist actors 5.6–5.7 normative complexity 4.34–4.37 203
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Emerging b
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Emerging b
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Secretariat Hugh Whittall (Director
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Foreword 1 The use of living organi
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Terms of reference 1. To examine co
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Applying public ethics: towards a p
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E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l
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Part 1 Understanding emerging <stro
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Chapter 2 Biotechnology promises an
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Chapter 3 The threefold challenge o
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Chapter 5 Public perspectives
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Chapter 6 Research
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Page 181 and 182: Chapter 9 Commercialisation
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Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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