Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) 8.8 Department of Health, UK 7.8 Department of Trade and Industry, UK 7.4 departments, Government advisory committees 8.24 funding of research 6.10, 7.10, 7.50 recommendations to 7.56, 10.17–10.18 scientific advisory committees 7.8 deregulation 8.44 determinism, technological 4.15–4.16 developing countries drug development for 1.10, 9.60–9.62 GM crops 2.8, Box 9.2 incentives for plant breeding 9.68 intellectual property rights 9.39, Box 9.2 open access 9.46 discourse ethics 4.42 discursive contexts 1.19–1.33, 2.30, 3.25 ethical 4.34, 4.37 disruptive technologies 3.22–3.25, Box 1.1 DNA fingerprinting 3.7 DNA sequencing 2.2, 6.20 commercialisation 9.37, Box 9.1 single DNA molecule 2.25 DNA synthesis 2.26, 3.5, 6.20 Doha Declaration 9.45 Do-It-Yourself Biology (DIYBio) 6.6, 6.54, 6.56 Domantis 7.4 dot-com boom 9.5 drug discovery/development biotechnological approaches 2.12–2.13 crossing the 'valley of death' 9.42–9.43 for developing countries 1.10, 9.60–9.62 economics of the patenting problem 9.29– 9.31 incentivising 9.55–9.67 profit-seeking 9.9–9.12 rational design approach 2.12, 3.24 remedies for problems 9.48–9.51 drugs biological 2.12 commercialisation problems 9.35–9.36, 9.38 cost-effectiveness analysis 9.57 global patent protection 9.39, Box 9.2 health impact payments 9.60–9.67 me-too 9.32–9.33, 9.36, 9.55 orphan 9.20 patent protection 9.15–9.17, 9.27 pharming 2.10 pricing 9.29, 9.57–9.59 reflecting social value 9.55–9.67 regulatory data protection 9.19 validated therapeutic targets 9.49–9.50 see also nanomedicine dual-use problem 3.9, Box 3.1, 8.9–8.11 ecologies, synthetic 2.38 Economic and Social Research <strong>Council</strong> 7.16 economic growth avoiding focus on 7.56, 10.17 central role of biotechnology 7.42–7.43 as focus of research policy 7.3, 7.10–7.17, 10.4, 10.9 role of national research 7.17, 7.36–7.41 search for new drivers 1.11 economics framing policy decisions 3.35 patenting problems 9.28–9.31 pursuit of scientific knowledge 9.5–9.7 embryonic stem cells, human (hESC) 1.22, 2.5–2.6, 8.18 embryo research, human 1.22, 2.5–2.6, 3.19– 3.20 emergence of <strong>biotechnologies</strong> characterisation 1.13–1.15 opportunity costs and counterfactuals 1.16–1.18 pathways see pathways, technological timescales 2.28, 2.43, 4.50 emerging, defined 1.13 <strong>Emerging</strong> Science and Bioethics Advisory Committee 7.8 enablement of public engagement 5.57 virtue of 4.52, 6.37 enabling technologies 6.20, 9.21 ENCODE 2.15 energy security 1.9 enframing 4.18 engaged public, the 5.9–5.19 see also public engagement engineering 1.14, 6.19 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research <strong>Council</strong> (EPSRC) 7.16, 7.52–7.54 engineering biology 2.19–2.20 Enlightenment, the 4.42, 5.7 environmental movement 4.13 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US 5.24 environmental under-pricing 9.40, 9.70 equity 4.29, 4.56 ethics individualistic 4.20 public see public ethics public discourse see public discourse ethics revealed systems 4.11 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 8.8 European Research <strong>Council</strong> 6.11, 7.49 European Technology Platforms 6.29 European Union (EU) Framework Programmes 6.11–6.12, 6.38, 7.49 funding of research 6.11–6.12 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 8.7 GM crops 2.8, 3.21, 8.18, 8.39 orphan drugs 9.20 patent protection 9.17 regulatory system 8.19 200
E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s research intensity targets 7.11 evidence, ethical approach to interpreting 4.49 evidence-based policy making 3.21, 3.31, 6.58–6.60 recommendation 7.32, 10.12 excludable goods 4.6–4.7, 7.34, 9.14, 9.29 expectations (of <strong>biotechnologies</strong>) 1.4–1.6, 2.29–2.46 economic benefits 7.17, 7.20, 7.36–7.41 ethical representation 4.50–4.51 failures to conform to 2.41 formation 2.31–2.33 imported visions 2.34–2.38 public, of research 6.47 sceptical approach 2.39–2.44, 2.46, 4.1 social and economic transformation 7.42– 7.43 expertise, broadening the range of 5.29–5.31 experts, scientific see scientists F1-ATPase 2.26 facilitation of research 7.1 fairness, procedural 3.21 fertilisers 1.8 Feynman, Richard 2.38 financial crisis (2007-2008) 1.11, 8.42 Fiorino, Dan 5.24 first mover advantage 9.37 flu see influenza Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 2.10 food security 1.8, 9.4 Food Standards Agency (FSA) 7.7–7.8 foreshortening problem 2.33, 2.47 Foresight programmes 6.29 fossil fuels Box 3.3, 9.4 frames common value 3.30 concept 3.27–3.31 considering alternative 3.31 Framework Programmes, EU 6.11–6.12, 6.38, 7.49 framing 3.26–3.37, 4.1 ethical aspects 4.37–4.39, Box 4.1, 4.58 by the media 5.15–5.18, Box 5.1 public engagement and 5.32, 10.7 reducing ambiguity to univocality 3.35–3.36 reducing uncertainty to risk 3.32–3.34 regulation 8.32–8.44 research policy 7.20–7.56, 7.59–7.61, 10.9, 10.13 through societal challenges 6.37 framing effects 3.34, Box 3.4, 3.37, 4.49 Francis Crick Institute 6.5 free rider problem 4.6 funding, research 6.7–6.14, 7.5 profit-seeking and 9.9–9.10 public see publicly funded research third stream 6.38 funding bodies 6.7–6.14 drawbacks of centralisation 7.49 influences on researchers 6.22–6.26 recommendations to 7.32, 7.46, 7.48, 7.56, 10.12–10.17 see also research councils Future <strong>Emerging</strong> Technologies (FET) programme 6.11–6.12 future visions 2.34–2.35 Galbraith, JK 9.6 Gartner consultancy, hype cycle 2.32 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 6.14, 6.37 gene therapy 2.16, 9.5 genetically modified (GM) food crops 2.2, 2.8– 2.9 ambiguous visions 3.15 controversy over introducing 2.8, 2.35, 3.21, 5.8 developing countries 2.8, Box 9.2 incentives for developing 9.68–9.69 intellectual property protection 9.38–9.39, Box 9.2, 9.41 regulatory aspects 8.8, 8.12–8.13, 8.18, 8.24, 8.29, 8.39 UK advisory framework 7.7 UK public dialogue 5.22, 8.13 see also plant breeding genetically modified organisms (GMOs), European regulation 8.7–8.8 genetic engineering 2.18, 8.23 genetics 4.12, 7.6 genetic screening Box 1.1 genomes, synthetic 2.20, 2.37, 3.18, Box 3.2 genomic medicine 2.14–2.17 Germany, human embryo research 1.22 Geron 2.6, 3.6 GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene 2.10 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) 9.9, Box 9.3, 9.64 global context intellectual property protection 9.39, Box 9.2 research 6.48 global public goods 4.8 global warming see climate change GM food crops see genetically modified (GM) food crops goal-directed research 6.15, 6.17 goats, transgenic 2.10, 2.28 good faith 4.33 Goodin, Robert 8.43 governance charities 7.57–7.58 public ethics and 4 by visible and invisible hands 5.58–5.60 Government, UK funding of research see publicly funded research influence on research directions 6.23–6.26 I N D E X 201
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Emerging b
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Emerging b
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Secretariat Hugh Whittall (Director
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Foreword 1 The use of living organi
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Terms of reference 1. To examine co
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Applying public ethics: towards a p
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E m e r g i n g b i o t e c h n o l
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Part 1 Understanding emerging <stro
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Chapter 2 Biotechnology promises an
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Chapter 3 The threefold challenge o
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Chapter 5 Public perspectives
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Chapter 6 Research
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Page 181 and 182: Chapter 9 Commercialisation
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Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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