Emerging biotechnologies: full report - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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Applying public ethics: towards a public discourse ethics ......................................... 67 Procedural virtues ..................................................................................................... 68 Conclusion................................................................................................................. 71 Part 2 .................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 5 - Public perspectives ................................................................. 76 Introduction................................................................................................................ 76 The Public, publics and public perspectives .............................................................. 77 The role of the media and the engaged public .......................................................... 78 Rationales for public engagement ............................................................................. 81 Purposes and values of public engagement .............................................................. 83 Modes and methods of public engagement ............................................................... 84 Dilemmas of public engagement ............................................................................... 86 Biotechnological exceptionalism or the need for public engagement? ...................... 90 Conclusion................................................................................................................. 92 Chapter 6 - Research ................................................................................ 94 Introduction................................................................................................................ 94 Where is research on emerging <strong>biotechnologies</strong> done? ............................................ 94 Who funds research on emerging <strong>biotechnologies</strong>? .................................................. 95 What determines the directions of research in emerging <strong>biotechnologies</strong>? ............... 98 Influences on researchers ....................................................................................... 100 Influence of researchers .......................................................................................... 107 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 111 Chapter 7 - Research and innovation policy .............................................. 114 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 114 Policies for biotechnology ........................................................................................ 114 Investment in emerging <strong>biotechnologies</strong> ................................................................. 115 Strategic orientation of R&D policy .......................................................................... 116 Framing research policy .......................................................................................... 121 Governance of charities .......................................................................................... 132 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 133 Chapter 8 - Regulation ............................................................................ 136 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 136 The purposes of regulation ...................................................................................... 136 Relevance to issues concerning emerging biotechnology ....................................... 139 The organisation of regulatory systems ................................................................... 140 xiv
Problems of the regulatory system ......................................................................... 143 Reframing regulation in emerging biotechnology .................................................... 145 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 149 Chapter 9 - Commercialisation ............................................................... 152 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 152 The profit motive in biotechnology research ........................................................... 153 Patent protection for public goods .......................................................................... 155 Intellectual property rights as encountered in emerging biotechnology .................. 161 Crossing the ‘valley of death’ .................................................................................. 163 Intellectual property rights and incentives: addressing the fundamental problems . 167 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 171 Chapter 10 - Conclusions: emerging <strong>biotechnologies</strong> and the public good . 174 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 174 Our argument for a ‘public ethics’ ........................................................................... 174 Our conclusions and recommendations .................................................................. 175 Appendices .......................................................................................... 179 Appendix 1: Method of working ............................................................................... 180 Appendix 2: Wider consultation for the Report ........................................................ 183 Appendix 3: The Working Party .............................................................................. 186 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 188 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................ 196 Index ....................................................................................................................... 198 xv
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