Xenotransplantation - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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Animal-to-Human Transplants : the ethics of xenotransplantation Roberts S Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Royal College of Pathologists Royal College of Physicians Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Royal Society of Edinburgh Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Silcock S Skoczylas T Stacey M,Warwick University Strathern M, University of Cambridge (Dept of Social Anthropology) Townswomen’s Guild Union of Muslim Organisations of UK and Eire Woods T, Brunel University (Centre for the Study of Health) 134
Annex E : Glossary Annex E Glossary -gal (galactosyl -1,3-galactose) -gal is a sugar molecule found on the surface of pig cells. When pig organs are transplanted into human beings, -gal acts as an antigen. It is recognised by human antibodies and hyperacute rejection is triggered (paragraph 3.30). AIDS The disease AIDS (advanced immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the virus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The HIV virus infects a type of white blood cells called T-cells and destroys the cell-mediated immune response, leaving the person susceptible to lethal infections. There is normally a latent period of several years between infection with HIV and onset of AIDS (paragraph 6.5) Antibodies Antibodies are protein molecules produced by a type of white blood cell called B- cells. Antibodies circulate in the blood and stick to foreign antigens on the cells of foreign organisms or of transplants. This may inactivate the foreign organisms or the transplant directly, or it may enable other white blood cells to destroy them. One important consequence of antibodies sticking to antigens is the activation of a complicated reaction called the complement reaction (paragraphs 3.9 - 3.12) Antigen An antigen is a molecule found on the outside of a cell that is recognised as foreign by the immune system. Any infectious organisms entering the body, such as bacteria or viruses, have molecules called antigens on their surface. When the antigens are recognised as foreign, an immune response is mounted to protect the body from infection. Unfortunately, an immune response is also induced by transplantation. This is because the cells of organs and tissues also have antigens on their surface (paragraph 3.10). Artificial organs A range of artificial organs and tissues are under development as alternatives to human organ transplantation. These may be totally mechanical devices such as the artificial heart, or they may be bioengineered devices which combine living cells and artificial materials (paragraphs 2.11 - 2.31). Bacteria Bacteria are small single-celled infectious organisms. Many are harmless, but some cause diseases. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. B-cells B-cells are the white blood cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies are an important element of the immune response (paragraph 3.9 - 3.11). 135
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Preface Preface Since the N
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Table of contents Table of contents
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Working Party on Xenografts Working
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Summary of recommendations Summary
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Summary of recommendations Effects
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The promise and the problems Chapte
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Alternatives to xenotransplantation
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Xenotransplantation</strong
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Animal concerns : principles Chapte
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Transmission of infectious diseases
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Xenotransplantation - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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