Xenotransplantation - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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Animal-to-Human Transplants : the ethics of xenotransplantation proceed with clinical trials involving human beings will also require an assessment of whether concerns about infectious organisms have been addressed adequately (paragraph 6.41). This is an important concern both for individual patients, and for the wider population. The Working Party considers that it would not be ethical to undertake clinical trials of xenotransplantation until a regulatory structure is in place that can take account of all these concerns. This reinforces the argument for an Advisory Committee on <strong>Xenotransplantation</strong>. 94
Effects on the health care system Chapter 8 Effects on the health care system Implications for the National Health Service 8.1 The purpose of the National Health Service (NHS) is to improve health, as measured in terms of both the quality and the length of life. If the development of xenotransplantation overcomes the scientific hurdles described in Chapter 3, satisfies the ethical considerations set out in Chapters 4 to 7 and offers real benefits to individuals at an acceptable level of risk to the population as a whole, then the NHS is likely pursue its introduction. If xenografting becomes a viable clinical treatment, it will join a long list of innovations. Adapting to technological change has been an abiding theme for the NHS since its inception in 1948. 8.2 The NHS was established just as sulphonamides and antibiotics were beginning to offer medicine an apparent mastery over infectious diseases. Since then, a succession of changes in diagnosis and treatment has transformed medical practice. No branch of health care has remained unchanged: psychotropic pharmaceutical treatments have radically altered psychiatry since the 1950s; dialysis programmes have meant the introduction of treatments for people with previously untreatable kidney failure; and hip and knee replacements, along with organ transplantation programmes themselves, offer therapeutic alternatives to processes of degeneration, decay and death that to previous generations were inevitable. Currently, the NHS is grappling with the implications of the introduction of beta-interferon, an expensive drug that may alleviate the effects of multiple sclerosis in a proportion of sufferers. 1, 2 8.3 The NHS has had to meet considerable challenges in introducing and disseminating major programmes of technological change. This has included coping with the cost and organisational impact of changed clinical practice. New requirements have been established for training, as well as for expenditure on buildings and equipment. The effects of this are demonstrable: the fever hospitals and tuberculosis wards characteristic of the service in the late 1940s have given way to intensive care suites and units devoted to day cases and minimally invasive surgery in the 1990s. 1 Walley, Barton S (1995) A purchaser perspective of managing new drugs: interferon beta as a case study British Medical Journal, 311:796-9. 2 Multiple sclerosis drug prompts rationing fears (1995) British Medical Journal, 311:969. 95
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NUFFIELD COUNCIL ON BIOETHICS Anima
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Preface Preface Since the N
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Table of contents Table of contents
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Working Party on Xenografts Working
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Summary of recommendations Summary
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Summary of recommendations Effects
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Alternatives to xenotransplantation
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Xenotransplantation</strong
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Xenotransplantation - Nuffield Council on Bioethics

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