The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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Acknowledgements <strong>The</strong> <strong>Council</strong> wishes to thank the members <strong>of</strong> the Working Party for their contribution. <strong>The</strong>ir expertise has been invaluable. It also wishes to thank the many organisations and individuals who have responded to the invitation to comment on the Consultation paper. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Council</strong> is very grateful to Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Nancy Rothwell, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Sir Patrick Bateson, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Mary Midgley, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Stephen Clark, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Alan Holland, Dr Ray Hill, Dr Gill Langley, Dr Richard Ryder, Mike Radford and David Thomas who reviewed an earlier version <strong>of</strong> this Report. <strong>The</strong>ir comments were extremely helpful. It further wishes to thank the following individuals who provided valuable insights in fact-finding meetings: Michele Corrado, Dr Gill Samuels, Graham Moore and colleagues, Rosie Barnes, Christine Cryne, Robert Meadowcr<strong>of</strong>t, Dr Patricia Coulson, Dr Betsy Pownall, Dr Harv Isaacs, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Henry Leese, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Alan Wilson, Mike Snelling, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Alistair Fitter, Piran White, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Ge<strong>of</strong>f Hall, Dr Chris Springall and colleagues, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Michael Balls, Dr Gill Langley, Dr Jon Richmond, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Michael Banner, Richard West, Dr Ray Greek, Kathy Archibald, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Roger Lemon, Robert Walker, Martin Lawton, John Frogley, Brian Cass, Andrew Gay, and David Whittaker. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Council</strong> and the Working Group are also grateful to individuals who responded to requests for advice on specific parts <strong>of</strong> the Report, including Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Colin Allen, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Marc Bek<strong>of</strong>f, Dr Derek Fry, Dr Penny Hawkins, Dr Gill Langley, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor David Morton, Dr Barry Philips, Dr Jon Richmond, Dr Vicky Robinson, Stefan Schleim, Dr Jane Smith, Dr Peter Thornton, Martin Walsh, and David Wood. VI
Table <strong>of</strong> contents <strong>Council</strong> membership and terms <strong>of</strong> reference ..................................................................................iii Foreword..............................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................vi Members <strong>of</strong> the Working Party ......................................................................................................viii Working Party terms <strong>of</strong> reference ...................................................................................................xv Summary and recommendations....................................................................................................xvii SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter 1 – Introduction ...........................................................................................................3 Research <strong>involving</strong> <strong>animals</strong>: outline <strong>of</strong> the controversy ..................................................................5 Types <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> and numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> used..............................................................................6 Issues raised by specific types <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> ............................................................................7 <strong>The</strong> context <strong>of</strong> the debate .................................................................................................................8 Structure <strong>of</strong> the Report ......................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2 – <strong>The</strong> context <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong>: past and present .........................13 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................15 Early forms <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> in the biological and medical sciences........................................15 Scientific developments and public opinion in the 18th and 19th centuries...............................16 Developments in policy and public opinion ...................................................................................19 <strong>The</strong> context <strong>of</strong> the current debate in the UK.................................................................................28 Summary............................................................................................................................................29 Chapter 3 – Ethical issues raised by animal <strong>research</strong>..........................................31 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................33 Facts, values and the reflective equilibrium .........................................................................33 Provided there are substantial benefits associated with animal <strong>research</strong>, why should the ........... use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> require special justification? ................................................................................35 Is there an obligation to alleviate suffering? .......................................................................35 Is all animal <strong>research</strong> aimed at developing treatment for severe human suffering ............. that can only be alleviated through medicines? ..............................................................36 ‘Engaging in <strong>research</strong> is a part <strong>of</strong> human nature’ ...............................................................37 Why should the use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in <strong>research</strong> be acceptable in cases where it would be unacceptable to use humans? ............................................................................................37 Can any use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> by humans be justified? Which specific issues need to be......................... considered in the case <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong>?..............................................................................................38 <strong>The</strong> moral status <strong>of</strong> different beings ....................................................................................38 <strong>The</strong> relationship between moral status and morally relevant features .............................41 <strong>The</strong> functional role <strong>of</strong> morally relevant features: absolute constraints or factors to ........... be balanced?.......................................................................................................................48 Consequentialism....................................................................................................................49 Deontological/rights-based approaches................................................................................51 Hybrid frameworks .................................................................................................................52 What role does the unavailability <strong>of</strong> alternatives play in the justification <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> .................. <strong>involving</strong> <strong>animals</strong>? .........................................................................................................................53 How does the justification <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> relate to the justification <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> for ............... other uses? .....................................................................................................................................54 VII
Page 1 and 2: The ethics
Page 3: The ethics
Page 7: Foreword The issue
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Chapter 4 The capa
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Section 2 Use of <
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Chapter 5 The use
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Chapter 6 The use
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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Appendices
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Genetic screening: ethical issues P
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