The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s skin effects <strong>of</strong> toxicity 165 grafts 93 irritancy tests 158, 165, 209 sensitisation tests 158, 165 toxicity tests 163 sliding-scale view, moral xxii, 38, 39–40 'smoking beagles' story 24 Smythe, David 19–20 sociability 46–7 social <strong>animals</strong> ethical views on use 248 housing 74, 76–7 loss <strong>of</strong> companions 81 relationship with handlers 77–8 welfare needs 71 social behaviour 42, 43 Society for the Protection <strong>of</strong> Animals Liable to Vivisection (later National Anti-Vivisection Society) 18 sordarin derivatives 150–1 soul 63 sound 77 Spain 235 species <strong>animals</strong> used in <strong>research</strong> 295 differences in toxicity 160, 162 moral value 45 speciesism 51, 245, 253 sport 54, 251, 253, 291 staff relationships with <strong>animals</strong> 77–8 welfare assessment 69, 212–13 whistleblowing procedures 25–6 Staffordshire, guinea pig facility 27 stakeholder fora, public debates and discussions xxvii–xxviii, 270–1 statistical methods 206–7 statistics on animal <strong>research</strong> 295–300 Home Office xxvi, 230, 266, 295–7 international 298–300 stem cells 93 stereotypic behaviours 44, 71 stewardship 39, 250 Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) 26–7 stress physiological 74 psychological 74 toxicity testing 163–4, 165 see also distress stress hormones 69, 164 stroke 93, 94, 138, 139 study design see design, study substances, administration <strong>of</strong> 79, 212 suffering 61–81 'abolitionist' view 252, 253, 254 assessment xxiii, 61–73, 81 under A(SP)A 225–6 philosophical problems 62–4 Refinement 212–13 subjective and objective elements 68–72 defined 62, 70 Home Office statistics xxvi, 266–7 meaning and function 66–8 obligation to alleviate 35–6 role <strong>of</strong> medicines in alleviating 36–7 sources 73–81 synonyms 64 toxicity testing 163, 165 UK legislation 52 variability 68 see also welfare Sunday People 24 surgery 80 Sweden 234, 235 sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity 210 tags, marker 78, 90 tail-tip amputation 79, 80–1 tamoxifen 117 targets, setting xxxii, 277–8 tattoos 78 teamwork, importance <strong>of</strong> 205–6 telemetry 80, 137, 161 telos 44 testing, use <strong>of</strong> term xvii, 5 tetanus 140, 146 thalidomide 145, 161, 180 Three Rs 10, 205 'abolitionist' view 255 acceptance xxiv–xxv, 256, 257 'anything goes' view 247 Chair <strong>of</strong> (proposed) xxxi, 276 conclusions and recommendations xxx–xxxi, 275–7 consensus statement xix, 263 definitions 19 development 19–20 'moral dilemma' view 252 'on balance justification' view 249 publishing information on xxx, 275 UK regulation 229 see also Reduction; Refinement; Replacements tissue animal 191 human, availability 197 tissue-typing 80–1 tobacco products 231–2, 262 Today 24 toe amputation 78, 90 toiletry products 283 tool use 42, 43 toxic effects 79, 164–5 see also harm to <strong>animals</strong> toxicity testing xx, 8, 155–67, 176 acute studies 155, 158–60 conclusions and recommendations xxxiv–xxxv, 282–3 current approach 157 duplication 207 extrapolation to humans 157, 158, 166, 181 harmonisation <strong>of</strong> international guidelines 283–4 medicines 141, 157 numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> used 155, 157, 166, 176 principal types 158–62 project licences 228 Reduction approaches 208–9 regulatory requirements 155–6, 166, 236–7 repeated-dose studies 155, 160 Replacement 192–3, 194–5 scientific rationale xx–xxi sources <strong>of</strong> uncertainty 158 vaccines 145–6, 159, 176 welfare implications 155, 163–6, 176 toxicology 6 use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> 296, 297 toxic proteins 100 334
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s tradition 198–9 training <strong>animals</strong> 43 in assessment <strong>of</strong> pain/suffering 213 licence holders 56, 224, 231 Replacement methods 200 use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> 296 transferability <strong>of</strong> data to humans see scientific validity transgenic <strong>animals</strong> 98–9 transgenic mice 97, 103–4 transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) 107, 110–13, 173–4 animal models 111–12 pathogenesis studies 112–13 prion hypothesis 111 transparency, importance <strong>of</strong> 28–9, 265 transplantation studies 93 transport 75–6 treatments, disease 5, 107 tremors 125, 165 tube restraints 77 tubes, implanted 164 tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) 108, 109, 173 twentieth century 19–23 two-generation reproduction study 161 ultra-high-throughput screening 136 ultrasound 77 undercover investigations/infiltrations 23–6 United Kingdom (UK) data sharing scheme 208 history <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 15, 17–18 legislation see Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986; Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 public policy see public policy regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 18–19, 221–32 statistics on animal <strong>research</strong> 230, 266, 295–7 withdrawn medicines 147–50 see also Home Office United States (USA) harmonisation <strong>of</strong> test guidelines 237, 283–4 regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 233, 235 regulation <strong>of</strong> new medicines 236 statistics on animal <strong>research</strong> 299 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) 19, 20 US Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture (USDA) 299 utilitarianism 23, 41, 49, 50–1 vaccines discovery/development 137, 140, 141–2, 143 hepatitis C 114 HIV/AIDS 116, 117 international test guidelines 237 non-animal techniques 193 polio 114–16 prion diseases 112 Reduction <strong>of</strong> testing 209 Replacements for testing 195 toxicity testing 145–6, 159, 176 welfare implications <strong>of</strong> production 151 validity, scientific see scientific validity values, and facts 33–4 variation, reducing 206 vertebrates 52, 89 experience <strong>of</strong> pain, suffering and distress 65 veterinary medicine 296 drug discovery/development 6, 140, 142, 143 Viagra 136 Victims <strong>of</strong> Science (Ryder) 23 Victoria Street Society (later National Anti-Vivisection Society) 18, 22 violence and intimidation 6, 26–7, 258 conclusions and recommendations xxvii, 271–3 consensus statement 264 virtue <strong>ethics</strong> 49, 55, 56 viruses 97, 99, 122 visual development 96 vivisection 16–17 Voltaire 63 vomeronasal receptors 123 vomiting 159–60, 165 'weakness <strong>of</strong> morality' view 245, 255 acceptance <strong>of</strong> consensus 256 weaning, early 74 weight gain, reduced 164 welfare (animal) xxiii, 16, 61–81 animal models <strong>of</strong> human disease 65–6, 109 assessment xxiii, 61–73, 81 evolutionary aspects 64–6 philosophical problems 62–4 Refinement 212–13 subjective and objective elements 68–73 in toxicity studies 165–6 basic <strong>research</strong> and 103–4 definition 62 factors affecting 73–81 GM <strong>animals</strong> 80–1, 99, 103–4, 126, 129, 280–1 organisations 20–1 pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> and 151 recommendations 274–5 Reduction strategy and 206 Refinement see Refinement toxicity testing and 155, 163–6, 176 well-being 62 Wellcome Trust 22 Chair <strong>of</strong> Three Rs proposal and xxxi, 276 cost-benefit assessments xxix, 274 on international <strong>research</strong> xxxv, 285 scientific validity and xxxiii, 282 West Nile virus 193 whistleblowing 25–6 Wickham Research Laboratories 24 wild <strong>animals</strong> caught from 75 release <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> into 26, 75 wildlife 162 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 46 working <strong>animals</strong> 46, 291 Working Party xvii aims <strong>of</strong> Report 9 conclusions and recommendations xxv–xxxvi, 264–86 consensus statement xviii–xx, 261–4 consultation with public 315–24 diversity <strong>of</strong> views xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 10–11, 242–3, 264–5 members xiii method <strong>of</strong> working 307–12 structure and focus <strong>of</strong> Report xviii, 9–11 summary and recommendations xvii–xxxvi terms <strong>of</strong> reference xv Xenopus frogs 75, 95 xenotransplantation 9, 100 X-irradiation 92, 97 zebrafish 95, 97, 122, 128 INDEX 335
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The ethics
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The ethics
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Foreword The issue
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Table of contents
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Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
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Conclusions and recommendations ...
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Terms of reference
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 2 The cont
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Chapter 4 The capa
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Section 2 Use of <
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Chapter 5 The use
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Chapter 6 The use
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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