The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s
regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 221–38
conclusions and recommendations xxviii–xxx, 273–5
consensus statement xix, 263
European 27–8, 233–5
historical perspective 18–19
hybrid philosophical framework 52–3
international 233–5
role <strong>of</strong> xxiii, 55–7
see also Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
regulatory requirements (use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong>) 236–7
conclusions and recommendations 282–4
constraining Replacements 196–7
new medicines 141, 147, 236
Reduction approaches 208–9
toxicity testing 155–6, 166, 236–7
relationship morality 250
release
into foreign environments 90
into wild 26, 75
religious approaches 245, 250
repeated-dose toxicity studies 155, 160
reperfusion injury 139
Replacements 10, 189–201
'abolitionist' view 254–5
adjunctive non-animal methods 194
advanced non-animal techniques 193
analysis <strong>of</strong> scientific barriers xxxi, 276–7
barriers to developing 195–9
in biomedical <strong>research</strong> 195
complete 191, 192–3
consensus statement 263
current debate 189–90
defined 19, 190–2
incomplete 191
'moral dilemma' view 252
national and international progress 199–200
'on balance justification' view 249
recommendations xxxi, 276–7
in toxicity testing 192–3, 194–5
vs alternatives 190–4
see also alternatives; Three Rs
replication <strong>of</strong> experiments 264
reproductive toxicology 143, 161
<strong>research</strong>
animal see animal <strong>research</strong>
background 205
goals, value 49–50
staged approach 205
use <strong>of</strong> term xvii, 5
Research Defence Society see RDS Understanding Animal
Research in Medicine
<strong>research</strong>ers
engagement with public xxvii–xxviii, 28–9, 273
information provision 269–71
overseas <strong>research</strong> by UK-based xxxv–xxxvi, 284–6
resistance behaviour 69
restraint 77–8
for blood sampling 79
primate chairs 78, 92, 94–5
retinitis pigmentosa 124
retinopathies 127
retro-orbital bleeding 79
reverse genetics 97–9
Rhazes (Al-Razi) 15
rhesus macaque monkeys 92, 116–17
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 107, 108–10, 118, 173
human clinical trials 109–10
rodent model 109, 212
rights-based view see deontological/rights-based view
risk assessment 160, 161
rodents
capacity to feel pain/suffer 66–7, 68
disease models 109, 117
GM 80–1
housing, husbandry and care 70–1, 76, 77, 211, 215
telemetry devices 80
toxicity studies 161–2, 163
see also guinea pigs; mice; rats
Romans, ancient 15
Roslin Institute 28
Rousseau, Jean Jacques 42
routes <strong>of</strong> administration
in toxicity tests 159, 160, 163
welfare issues 79, 163–4
Royal Bank <strong>of</strong> Scotland 26
Royal Commissions 18, 19
Royal Society for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Cruelty to Animals
(RSPCA) 18, 20, 21, 267
Private Member's Bill 27
promoting Three Rs xxx–xxxi, 200, 276
on use <strong>of</strong> primates 232
Russell, William 19
Ryder, Richard 23
safety evaluation see toxicity testing
salivation 165
Salk, Dr Jonas 115
schizophrenia 124
schools, educational materials xxviii, 270
Science & Innovation Investment Framework 2004–2014
xxvii, 270
Scientific Information System (SIS), (ECVAM) 200
scientific rationale, animal <strong>research</strong> xx–xxi
scientific validity xx–xxi, 177–83
conclusions and recommendations xxi, xxxiii, 281–2
critical evaluation 181–3
drug discovery and development 146–50, 182–3
general arguments 177–9
limitations 179–80
toxicity testing 157, 158, 166, 181
scientists see <strong>research</strong>ers
scrapie 110, 111–12, 113
self-consciousness 47
sensitisation tests 158, 165
sensory deficits 127
sentience 41, 62
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 272
severity <strong>of</strong> procedures
classification under A(SP)A 225–6
Home Office statistics 297
recommendations xxvi, 266–7
sexism analogy 51
shaker1 mouse 124
<strong>The</strong> Shambles <strong>of</strong> Science 19
sharing, data xxxii–xxxiii, 207, 208, 264, 279–80
sheep
cloning 28, 101–2
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies 110, 111,
113
shellfish toxins 159, 165
SHIV virus 117
Singer, Peter 23, 50, 272–3
SIVcpz virus 116
SIVsm virus 116
INDEX
333