The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s early discoveries 15–16 experimental 17–18, 90–4 pigs 160 pilot studies 79, 166, 205 plant-protection products 155 Plato 42 policy, public see public policy polio(myelitis) 107, 114–16, 118, 174 Pope, Alexander 17 positron emission tomography (PET) 94, 142 postoperative pain 137 PPL <strong>The</strong>rapeutics 102–3 predation 66 predictive value <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> see scientific validity pregnancy diagnostic test 100 toxicity testing 145, 161 prevention, disease 5, 107 primates 7–8 basic <strong>research</strong> using 92, 93–5, 96, 172 capacity to feel pain/suffer 65, 68 cognitive capacities 43 ethical views on use 248 euthanasia 81 handling 77–8 identification 78 interpretation <strong>of</strong> behaviour 62 models <strong>of</strong> human disease 112, 113–14, 115, 116–17 public debate on use 232 regulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> 222 restraint chairs 78, 92, 94–5 sociability 46–7 sources <strong>of</strong> harm 74 toxicity studies 157, 159, 160 undercover investigations 24–5 welfare needs 71, 76–7 wild-caught 75 see also great apes; macaques <strong>The</strong> Principles <strong>of</strong> Humane Experimental Technique (Russell & Burch) 19–20 prion protein (PrP) 111 abnormal (PrPSc) 111, 112 prions 111, 112, 173–4 Private Member's Bills 27 procedures, scientific 6–7 in A(SP)A 222 legislation, regulation and policy 221–38 recommendations 267 Refinement 212 severity bands see severity <strong>of</strong> procedures sources <strong>of</strong> harm 78 project licences 223, 225–8 information provision xxix–xxx, 139, 231, 267–9 severity banding system 225–6, 266–7 pro-nuclear injection 98–9 prostate cancer 117 Protection <strong>of</strong> Animals Act 1911 221 proteins functional studies 100 pharming 102–3 protests, organised unlawful 6, 26–7, 258 see also violence and intimidation protocols, severity limits 226 psoriasis 110 psoriatic arthritis 110 psychiatric disorders 124, 127 psychological stress 74 publication information on Three Rs xxx, 275 <strong>research</strong> results 139, 207 public consultation, Working Party 315–24 public debates and discussion engagement <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong>ers xxvii–xxviii, 28, 273 in stakeholder fora xxvii–xxviii, 270–1 public opinion 8–9 18th and 19th centuries 16–19 20th century 19–23 importance <strong>of</strong> openness and transparency 28–9, 265 need for <strong>research</strong> xxviii, 271 polls see opinion polls regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 232 public policy 20th century developments 19–28 BSE control 112–13, 174 in context <strong>of</strong> moral disagreement xxiv–xxv, 255–8 developments since A(SP)A 231–2 pyrogen test 192 rabbits inhumane experiments 24 pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 150 Reduction approaches 209 Replacements 192 toxicity studies 157, 158, 159, 161 racism analogy 51 rats administration <strong>of</strong> substances 79 basic <strong>research</strong> using 89, 92–3 disease models 109 GM 122, 128 handling and restraint 77 housing, husbandry and care 70–1, 76, 211, 212, 215 numbers used 89 pain assessment 213 pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 139, 144, 150 toxicity studies 157, 159, 160, 161, 162 Rawls, John 256 RDS Understanding Animal Research in Medicine (formerly Research Defence Society) 6, 22, 27 REACH see Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction <strong>of</strong> Chemicals receptors, cloned human 137 recommendations, Working Party xxv–xxxvi, 264–86 Reduction 10, 205, 206–9, 216 applying 205–6 defined 19, 206 harmonisation <strong>of</strong> international test guidelines 208–9 motivating and monitoring xxxii, 277–8 scope 206–8 setting targets xxxii, 277–8 redundancy 126 Refinement 10, 205, 209–16 applying 205–6 barriers to implementing 214–15 defined 19, 209–10 overcoming constraints 215–16 potential 210 scope 209–10 specific examples 210–14 toxicity testing 141 reflective equilibrium 34 Regan, Tom 23 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction <strong>of</strong> Chemicals (REACH) xxxiv–xxxv, 155, 156, 166, 194, 282–3 332
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 221–38 conclusions and recommendations xxviii–xxx, 273–5 consensus statement xix, 263 European 27–8, 233–5 historical perspective 18–19 hybrid philosophical framework 52–3 international 233–5 role <strong>of</strong> xxiii, 55–7 see also Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 regulatory requirements (use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong>) 236–7 conclusions and recommendations 282–4 constraining Replacements 196–7 new medicines 141, 147, 236 Reduction approaches 208–9 toxicity testing 155–6, 166, 236–7 relationship morality 250 release into foreign environments 90 into wild 26, 75 religious approaches 245, 250 repeated-dose toxicity studies 155, 160 reperfusion injury 139 Replacements 10, 189–201 'abolitionist' view 254–5 adjunctive non-animal methods 194 advanced non-animal techniques 193 analysis <strong>of</strong> scientific barriers xxxi, 276–7 barriers to developing 195–9 in biomedical <strong>research</strong> 195 complete 191, 192–3 consensus statement 263 current debate 189–90 defined 19, 190–2 incomplete 191 'moral dilemma' view 252 national and international progress 199–200 'on balance justification' view 249 recommendations xxxi, 276–7 in toxicity testing 192–3, 194–5 vs alternatives 190–4 see also alternatives; Three Rs replication <strong>of</strong> experiments 264 reproductive toxicology 143, 161 <strong>research</strong> animal see animal <strong>research</strong> background 205 goals, value 49–50 staged approach 205 use <strong>of</strong> term xvii, 5 Research Defence Society see RDS Understanding Animal Research in Medicine <strong>research</strong>ers engagement with public xxvii–xxviii, 28–9, 273 information provision 269–71 overseas <strong>research</strong> by UK-based xxxv–xxxvi, 284–6 resistance behaviour 69 restraint 77–8 for blood sampling 79 primate chairs 78, 92, 94–5 retinitis pigmentosa 124 retinopathies 127 retro-orbital bleeding 79 reverse genetics 97–9 Rhazes (Al-Razi) 15 rhesus macaque monkeys 92, 116–17 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 107, 108–10, 118, 173 human clinical trials 109–10 rodent model 109, 212 rights-based view see deontological/rights-based view risk assessment 160, 161 rodents capacity to feel pain/suffer 66–7, 68 disease models 109, 117 GM 80–1 housing, husbandry and care 70–1, 76, 77, 211, 215 telemetry devices 80 toxicity studies 161–2, 163 see also guinea pigs; mice; rats Romans, ancient 15 Roslin Institute 28 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 42 routes <strong>of</strong> administration in toxicity tests 159, 160, 163 welfare issues 79, 163–4 Royal Bank <strong>of</strong> Scotland 26 Royal Commissions 18, 19 Royal Society for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 18, 20, 21, 267 Private Member's Bill 27 promoting Three Rs xxx–xxxi, 200, 276 on use <strong>of</strong> primates 232 Russell, William 19 Ryder, Richard 23 safety evaluation see toxicity testing salivation 165 Salk, Dr Jonas 115 schizophrenia 124 schools, educational materials xxviii, 270 Science & Innovation Investment Framework 2004–2014 xxvii, 270 Scientific Information System (SIS), (ECVAM) 200 scientific rationale, animal <strong>research</strong> xx–xxi scientific validity xx–xxi, 177–83 conclusions and recommendations xxi, xxxiii, 281–2 critical evaluation 181–3 drug discovery and development 146–50, 182–3 general arguments 177–9 limitations 179–80 toxicity testing 157, 158, 166, 181 scientists see <strong>research</strong>ers scrapie 110, 111–12, 113 self-consciousness 47 sensitisation tests 158, 165 sensory deficits 127 sentience 41, 62 Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 272 severity <strong>of</strong> procedures classification under A(SP)A 225–6 Home Office statistics 297 recommendations xxvi, 266–7 sexism analogy 51 shaker1 mouse 124 <strong>The</strong> Shambles <strong>of</strong> Science 19 sharing, data xxxii–xxxiii, 207, 208, 264, 279–80 sheep cloning 28, 101–2 transmissible spongiform encephalopathies 110, 111, 113 shellfish toxins 159, 165 SHIV virus 117 Singer, Peter 23, 50, 272–3 SIVcpz virus 116 SIVsm virus 116 INDEX 333
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The ethics
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The ethics
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Foreword The issue
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Table of contents
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Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
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Conclusions and recommendations ...
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Terms of reference
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 2 The cont
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Chapter 4 The capa
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Section 2 Use of <
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Chapter 5 The use
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Chapter 6 The use
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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Page 376: Genetic screening: ethical issues P
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