The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s<br />
early discoveries 15–16<br />
experimental 17–18, 90–4<br />
pigs 160<br />
pilot studies 79, 166, 205<br />
plant-protecti<strong>on</strong> products 155<br />
Plato 42<br />
policy, public see public policy<br />
polio(myelitis) 107, 114–16, 118, 174<br />
Pope, Alexander 17<br />
positr<strong>on</strong> emissi<strong>on</strong> tomography (PET) 94, 142<br />
postoperative pain 137<br />
PPL <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapeutics 102–3<br />
predati<strong>on</strong> 66<br />
predictive value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> animal <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> see scientific validity<br />
pregnancy<br />
diagnostic test 100<br />
toxicity testing 145, 161<br />
preventi<strong>on</strong>, disease 5, 107<br />
primates 7–8<br />
basic <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> using 92, 93–5, 96, 172<br />
capacity to feel pain/suffer 65, 68<br />
cognitive capacities 43<br />
ethical views <strong>on</strong> use 248<br />
euthanasia 81<br />
handling 77–8<br />
identificati<strong>on</strong> 78<br />
interpretati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour 62<br />
models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> human disease 112, 113–14, 115, 116–17<br />
public debate <strong>on</strong> use 232<br />
regulati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> 222<br />
restraint chairs 78, 92, 94–5<br />
sociability 46–7<br />
sources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> harm 74<br />
toxicity studies 157, 159, 160<br />
undercover investigati<strong>on</strong>s 24–5<br />
welfare needs 71, 76–7<br />
wild-caught 75<br />
see also great apes; macaques<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Principles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Humane Experimental Technique (Russell<br />
& Burch) 19–20<br />
pri<strong>on</strong> protein (PrP) 111<br />
abnormal (PrPSc) 111, 112<br />
pri<strong>on</strong>s 111, 112, 173–4<br />
Private Member's Bills 27<br />
procedures, scientific 6–7<br />
in A(SP)A 222<br />
legislati<strong>on</strong>, regulati<strong>on</strong> and policy 221–38<br />
recommendati<strong>on</strong>s 267<br />
Refinement 212<br />
severity bands see severity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> procedures<br />
sources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> harm 78<br />
project licences 223, 225–8<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> provisi<strong>on</strong> xxix–xxx, 139, 231, 267–9<br />
severity banding system 225–6, 266–7<br />
pro-nuclear injecti<strong>on</strong> 98–9<br />
prostate cancer 117<br />
Protecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Animals Act 1911 221<br />
proteins<br />
functi<strong>on</strong>al studies 100<br />
pharming 102–3<br />
protests, organised unlawful 6, 26–7, 258<br />
see also violence and intimidati<strong>on</strong><br />
protocols, severity limits 226<br />
psoriasis 110<br />
psoriatic arthritis 110<br />
psychiatric disorders 124, 127<br />
psychological stress 74<br />
publicati<strong>on</strong><br />
informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Three Rs xxx, 275<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> results 139, 207<br />
public c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong>, Working Party 315–24<br />
public debates and discussi<strong>on</strong><br />
engagement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g>ers xxvii–xxviii, 28, 273<br />
in stakeholder fora xxvii–xxviii, 270–1<br />
public opini<strong>on</strong> 8–9<br />
18th and 19th centuries 16–19<br />
20th century 19–23<br />
importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> openness and transparency 28–9, 265<br />
need for <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> xxviii, 271<br />
polls see opini<strong>on</strong> polls<br />
regulati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> animal <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> 232<br />
public policy<br />
20th century developments 19–28<br />
BSE c<strong>on</strong>trol 112–13, 174<br />
in c<strong>on</strong>text <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> moral disagreement xxiv–xxv, 255–8<br />
developments since A(SP)A 231–2<br />
pyrogen test 192<br />
rabbits<br />
inhumane experiments 24<br />
pharmaceutical <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> 150<br />
Reducti<strong>on</strong> approaches 209<br />
Replacements 192<br />
toxicity studies 157, 158, 159, 161<br />
racism analogy 51<br />
rats<br />
administrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> substances 79<br />
basic <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> using 89, 92–3<br />
disease models 109<br />
GM 122, 128<br />
handling and restraint 77<br />
housing, husbandry and care 70–1, 76, 211, 212, 215<br />
numbers used 89<br />
pain assessment 213<br />
pharmaceutical <str<strong>on</strong>g>research</str<strong>on</strong>g> 139, 144, 150<br />
toxicity studies 157, 159, 160, 161, 162<br />
Rawls, John 256<br />
RDS Understanding Animal Research in Medicine<br />
(formerly Research Defence Society) 6, 22, 27<br />
REACH see Registrati<strong>on</strong>, Evaluati<strong>on</strong>, Authorisati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
Restricti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chemicals<br />
receptors, cl<strong>on</strong>ed human 137<br />
recommendati<strong>on</strong>s, Working Party xxv–xxxvi, 264–86<br />
Reducti<strong>on</strong> 10, 205, 206–9, 216<br />
applying 205–6<br />
defined 19, 206<br />
harm<strong>on</strong>isati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> internati<strong>on</strong>al test guidelines 208–9<br />
motivating and m<strong>on</strong>itoring xxxii, 277–8<br />
scope 206–8<br />
setting targets xxxii, 277–8<br />
redundancy 126<br />
Refinement 10, 205, 209–16<br />
applying 205–6<br />
barriers to implementing 214–15<br />
defined 19, 209–10<br />
overcoming c<strong>on</strong>straints 215–16<br />
potential 210<br />
scope 209–10<br />
specific examples 210–14<br />
toxicity testing 141<br />
reflective equilibrium 34<br />
Regan, Tom 23<br />
Registrati<strong>on</strong>, Evaluati<strong>on</strong>, Authorisati<strong>on</strong> and Restricti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Chemicals (REACH) xxxiv–xxxv, 155, 156, 166, 194, 282–3<br />
332