The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s marmosets 78, 160 'Martin's Act' 1822 221 mathematical modelling 191 mating 81 maturity-onset diabetes <strong>of</strong> the young (MODY) 123–4 maximum tolerated dose (MTD) 159–60, 164–5 McBride, Dr W.G. 145 media 8, 18, 24–5 Medical Research <strong>Council</strong> (MRC) 22, 24, 197 Centre for Best Practice for Animals in Research (CBPAR) 199 cost-benefit assessments xxix, 274 recommendations to xxxi, xxxiii, 276, 282 medicines administration <strong>of</strong> 79 alleviation <strong>of</strong> suffering 36–7 discovery and development see drug discovery and development harmonisation <strong>of</strong> international test guidelines 208–9, 283 novel use <strong>of</strong> existing 144 pain relieving 66, 67, 80 pharming 102–3 regulatory control 141, 147, 236 safety testing 140–2, 143, 155, 161–2 similar to already marketed 283 toxicity testing 141, 157, 159–60, 161–2 withdrawal from market 147–50 Medicines Act 1968 145, 236 Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) 147 Medicines Control Agency 24 metabolism studies 164 mice basic <strong>research</strong> 89, 92–3, 96, 97–100, 103–4 capacity to feel pain/suffer 68 genes shared with humans 65, 121, 123 GM 80–1, 97–100, 121–6, 127, 172 housing, husbandry and care 70–1, 211 identification 78 killed by cats 54 knock-out see knock-out mice models <strong>of</strong> genetic diseases 122, 123–7, 175 models <strong>of</strong> human disease 107, 109, 111–12, 115 numbers used 89, 99, 122, 129 pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 138, 146, 150, 151 scientific validity <strong>of</strong> use 182 similarity to humans 123, 129 toxicity studies 157, 158, 159, 160–1, 165 welfare consequences 80–1, 103–4 microchips, implanted 78 milk, production <strong>of</strong> medicines in 102–3 Mill, John Stuart 49 mind, philosophy <strong>of</strong> 63–4 mink, farmed 26 monkeys pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 150 see also macaques; marmosets; primates monoclonal antibodies 100, 193 moral agency xxiii conclusions and recommendations xxviii–xxix, 274–5 two contrasting views 55 moral agents 39, 42 moral community 39 'moral dilemma' view xxiv, 244, 249–52 acceptance <strong>of</strong> consensus 256 moral epistemology 33–4 moral-equality view xxii, 38, 40 moral importance see moral status moral issues see ethical issues morally relevant features xxii, 41–8, 241 'anything goes' view 246, 247 consequentialist framework 49–51 deontological/rights-based approaches 51 in different normative frameworks xxii–xxiii functional role 48 humans lacking 48 hybrid frameworks xxii–xxiii, 52–3 'moral dilemma' view 250 morals 6 moral sliding-scale view xxii, 38, 39–40 moral status (moral importance) defined 39 different beings xxii, 38–40 hierarchy <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 39–40 relevant features 41–8 moral subjects 39 cognitive capacities 42 qualifying features see morally relevant features moral value instrumental 39 intrinsic 39 moribund condition 164 MORI polls 5, 8, 9 morphine 66 mothers loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fspring 66–7 separation from <strong>of</strong>fspring 74 mouse see mice Mouse Genome Database (MGD) xxxiv, 281 movement disorders 94 multinational companies impact <strong>of</strong> animal rights extremism 272 recommendations to 285 musculoskeletal disorders 127 mutagenesis tests 160 mutations 97, 126 regulatory control 230 myasthenia gravis 91 myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) 139 myopathies 127 myosin VIIA gene 124 Nagel, Thomas 63, 64 named animal care and welfare <strong>of</strong>ficer (NACWO) 21, 228 named veterinary surgeon (NVS) 21, 228 narcolepsy 91 nasal discharge 165 nasal sprays, polio prevention 115–16 National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS) 22 history 18, 19 on scientific validity 178 undercover investigations/infiltrations 23, 24 National Centre for the Three Rs (NC3Rs) 21, 197, 199 recommendations to xxvii, xxx, xxxiv, 275, 276, 281 National Health and Medical Research <strong>Council</strong> (Australia) 233 National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) 24 National Library <strong>of</strong> Medicine, US 200 natural behaviour, humans 37, 40 nematode worms 97, 122 nervous system ability to feel pain/suffer and 71–2 basic <strong>research</strong> 93–4, 172 330
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s nesting material 76, 215 Netherlands 234, 235 Netherlands' Centre for Alternatives 199 neurobehavioural disorders 127 neurobiology 7–8, 93–4, 172 neurodegenerative disorders 97, 124–5, 127, 246–7 neurological disease 127 neuropathic pain 144 neurotoxicity 165 newborn <strong>animals</strong> developmental studies 96 wastage 74 nineteenth century 16–19, 221 nociception 62, 66 non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis 113–14 no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) 160 normative <strong>ethics</strong> 49 Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science & Alternatives (NORINA) 200 Notification <strong>of</strong> New Substances Regulations 1993 155 nuclear transfer 98, 99 nude mice 194 numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> used in animal <strong>research</strong> 7, 291 in GM studies 99, 103–4, 122, 129, 280 Home Office statistics xxvi, 230, 266, 295–7 in pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 134, 151, 175 REACH proposals xxxiv, 282–3 recommendations 267 reduction see Reduction in toxicity testing 155, 157, 166, 176 for various purposes 291–2 in Victorian times 18 obesity 97, 127 objectors to animal <strong>research</strong> see opponents <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> observational <strong>research</strong> 6, 90, 171, 255 octopus, common 52, 72 Office <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology (OST) xxvii, 270 <strong>of</strong>fspring loss <strong>of</strong> 66–7 separation from mothers 74 'on balance justification' view xxiv, 244, 247–9, 250 acceptance <strong>of</strong> consensus 256 one-generation reproduction study 161 open laboratories xxviii, 273 openness importance <strong>of</strong> 28–9, 265 lack <strong>of</strong> 232 opinion polls 8–9, 28, 265 opioids 66, 67 opponents <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> xvii, 6, 16, 22 recent campaigns 232 on scientific validity 177–8 oral dosing in toxicity studies 159 welfare issues 79, 163–4 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommendations to xxxv, 284 Test Guidelines Programme xxxv, 156, 164–5, 199, 208, 236–7, 283–4 organisations campaigning and stakeholder 20–2 information provision by campaigning xxvii, 269–71 reports by other 303–4 organ transplantation 93 osteoporosis 76 outcomes see endpoints overlapping consensus concept 256–8 Over Thirty Month Scheme (OTMS) 113 pain 61–81 animal models <strong>of</strong> disease 65–6, 109 assessment xxiii, 61–73, 81 philosophical problems 62–4 Refinement 212–13 subjective and objective elements 68–72 capacity to feel 41, 44, 48, 64–6, 68 chronic 68 defined 62 meaning and function 66–8 neuropathic 144 obvious 164 pathway 67 postoperative 137 primary 68 refining management 212–13 relieving medicines 66, 67, 80, 137 sources 73–81 toxicity testing 163, 165 UK legislation 52 variability <strong>of</strong> experience 51 see also welfare Parkinson's disease 93, 94, 95, 102, 124–5, 127 pasteurellosis 140 patagial tags 90 pathogenesis <strong>of</strong> disease 107 peer review 207 pens 76 personal licences 223, 224–5 training <strong>of</strong> holders 56, 224, 231 personnel see staff pest control 253–4, 291 pesticides 166 pets 45, 46 pharmaceutical industry effect <strong>of</strong> animal rights extremism 272 funding <strong>research</strong> into Replacements 197 pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 6, 133–51, 175–6 alleviation <strong>of</strong> suffering 36–7 duplication 207 history 133–4 'moral dilemma' view 252 numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> involved 134, 151 Replacements for <strong>animals</strong> 194 use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> 134–46, 151 validity 146–50, 182–3 welfare implications 151 see also drug discovery and development pharmaceuticals see medicines pharmacogenetic studies 138, 144 pharmacokinetic studies 150–1, 162 pharming 102–3 phenotypes disease 126 GM <strong>animals</strong>, documentation xxxiii–xxxiv, 281 philosophical framework 10 phototoxicity tests 193 physiological stress 74 physiological studies 90–4, 171 physiology ability to feel pain/suffer and 71–2 INDEX 331
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The ethics
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The ethics
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Foreword The issue
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Table of contents
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Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
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Conclusions and recommendations ...
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Terms of reference
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 2 The cont
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Chapter 4 The capa
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Section 2 Use of <
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Chapter 5 The use
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Chapter 6 The use
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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Page 376: Genetic screening: ethical issues P
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