The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s German Institute <strong>of</strong> Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI) Center for Documentation and Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET) 200 Germany 17, 25, 235, 237 glucokinase gene mutations 123–4 GM <strong>animals</strong> see genetically modified <strong>animals</strong> goals <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong>, value 49–50 goats 102, 103 goserelin 117 graft rejection 93 great apes cognitive capacities 43 ethical views on use 51, 248, 251, 256 interpretation <strong>of</strong> behaviour 62 regulation <strong>of</strong> use 52, 56, 114, 223, 232, 235 Greece, ancient 15 grief 66–7 growth factor receptor gene knock-outs 99 guinea pigs breeding facility in Staffordshire 27 pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 144, 146 toxicity studies 157 Gunn rats 150 haemodynamics, anaesthetised dogs 161 Hales, Stephen 15 Hall, Marshall 17 Hall family (<strong>of</strong> Staffordshire) 27 Halsbury (Private Member's) Bill 1979 27 hand control and function 94 handling 77–8 Hansen's disease 145 harmonisation, international test guidelines xxxv, 208–9, 283–4 harm to <strong>animals</strong> clinical signs 69 degree, ethical aspects 49 sources 73–81 toxicity tests 164–5 see also cost-benefit assessment; distress; pain; suffering; welfare Harvey, William 15 hazard assessment 161 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) 53 hearing loss 124 heart attacks 93 hepatitis C 7, 107, 113–14, 118, 174 herbicides 162 higher cognitive capacities 42–4, 63 high-throughput biology 136 high-throughput chemistry 136 high-throughput screening (HTS) 136, 160, 194 historical perspective animal <strong>research</strong> 15–19 pharmaceutical industry 133–4 UK legislation 27–8, 221 hit-to-lead chemistry 137–8 HIV/AIDS 107, 116–17, 136, 174 limitations <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 118, 178–9 studies in mice 93 Hogarth, William 17 Home Office (UK) Animals in Scientific Procedures 6 discretionary powers 222–3 information on cost-benefit assessment xxix, 269 information on licensed <strong>research</strong> projects xxix–xxx, 139, 231, 267–9 information provision 266–9 licences see licences reviews <strong>of</strong> scientific validity xxxiii, 282 statistics on animal use xxvi, 230, 266–7, 295–7 Home Office Inspectorate 24, 224, 228 hormones 91–2 horseshoe crab 191–2 House <strong>of</strong> Lords Select Committee on Animals in Scientific Procedures (2002) xxxiv, 199, 206, 273, 274, 282 housing 76–7 European regulation 235 Home Office code <strong>of</strong> practice 224 Refinement 211–12, 216 social <strong>animals</strong> 47 Hprt gene 125 human(s) barriers to <strong>research</strong> on 196 clinical trials (new drugs) 142–6 extrapolating animal data to see scientific validity genes shared with <strong>animals</strong> 65, 121, 123 lacking morally relevant features 48 moral agency 39 moral status 38–40 natural behaviour 37, 40 relationships with <strong>animals</strong> 5 as Replacements 191 <strong>research</strong> unacceptable in 37–8 similarity <strong>of</strong> mouse to 123, 129 solidaristic preference 245 tissues and organs, availability 197 human disease animal models see animal models benefits <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 5–6 conclusions and recommendations xxxiii, 281–2 genetic 121–9 lifestyle-related 36–7 statistics on animal <strong>research</strong> 296 study xx, 107–18, 173–4 humane endpoints 213 humane killing see euthanasia Humane Research Trust 20, 197 humane <strong>research</strong> trusts 20 human immunodeficiency virus see HIV/AIDS Human Tissue Bill 197 Huntington Life Sciences (HLS) (formerly Huntington Research Centre) 24, 26–7, 28 husbandry 77 barriers to Refinement 214–15 European regulation 235 Refinement 211–12 hybrid moral view xxii–xxiii, xxiv–xxv, 52, 241 hypertension 127, 128 identification methods 78, 90 <strong>The</strong> Idler 17 imaging techniques 94, 142 immune complexes 107 immune system 92–3, 171 immunisation 100, 173 Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) 24 inbreeding 93 incentives, discouraging use <strong>of</strong> alternatives 198 industrial chemicals, toxicity testing 159, 162 infant, loss <strong>of</strong> 66–7 infections 92, 93, 107, 171 328
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s inflammatory bowel disease 110 infliximab 109–10 information freedom <strong>of</strong> 230, 231, 265, 268 sharing (within science) see data sharing information provision by campaigning organisations and <strong>research</strong>ers xxvii, 269–71 cost-benefit assessment xxix, 269 by Home Office 266–9 licensed <strong>research</strong> projects xxix–xxx, 231, 267–9 need for 29, 258, 264, 265 on Replacements 198, 200 on Three Rs xxx, 275 inhalation route, in toxicity studies 159, 163 injections 79, 163, 212 insects 71–2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Animal Technology (IAT) (formerly Animal Technicians Association) 20, 21, 271 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) 233 intelligence 42, 43 Interagency Co-ordinating Committee on the Validation <strong>of</strong> Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) 199 Inter-Departmental Data Sharing Concordat xxxii–xxxiii, 208, 279–80 Inter-Departmental Data Sharing Group 208 Inter-Departmental Group on the 3Rs 208 recommendations to xxxii, xxxiv, xxxv, 278, 282, 284 International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) xxxv, 156, 208–9, 236, 237, 283 international context <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> xxxv, 283–6 International <strong>Council</strong> for Animal Protection in OECD Programmes (ICAPO) 22, 199 International <strong>Council</strong> for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) 21 International Fund for Animal Welfare 5 International Partnership for Alternatives to Animal Testing (IPAAT) 197 international regulation animal <strong>research</strong> 233–5 consensus statement 263 requiring use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> 236–7 international <strong>research</strong> by UK-based <strong>research</strong>ers xxxv–xxxvi, 284–6 international statistics on animal <strong>research</strong> 298–300 international test guidelines differences 237 harmonisation xxxv, 208–9, 283–4 Interniche 200 intimidation see violence and intimidation invertebrates 52, 53, 89 as Replacements 191–2 in vitro studies 191 in drug development 136, 137 genotoxicity 160 integration with in vivo <strong>research</strong> 198 limitations 179, 196 as Replacements 193, 194 rheumatoid arthritis 108, 109 toxicity testing 194 irritants 79 Italy 18 It's a Dog's Life (television programme) 25 Japan 236, 237 statistics on animal <strong>research</strong> 300 Joint Working Group on Refinement (JWGR) 215 journals, recommendations to xxx, xxxiv, 275, 281 Judeo-Christian tradition 245 justice, sense <strong>of</strong> 43 Kant, Immanuel 39, 42, 49 killing, humane see euthanasia knock-in mice 97 knock-out mice 97, 99, 172 conditional 99 in drug discovery and development 182 knock-out studies, in humans 37 knowledge, advancement <strong>of</strong> see basic <strong>research</strong> kuru 110, 111 laboratories, open xxviii, 273 laboratory <strong>animals</strong> assessing welfare see welfare, assessment release into wild 26 sources <strong>of</strong> harm 73–81 sources <strong>of</strong> supply 229 see also individual species Laboratory Animals Science Association (LASA) 20, 21, 267, 271 promoting use <strong>of</strong> Three Rs xxx–xxxi, 276 Laboratory Animal Veterinary Association (LAVA) 20, 21 <strong>The</strong> Lancet 18, 145 large <strong>of</strong>fspring syndrome 102 leads (pharmaceutical) identification 137–8 optimisation 138–40 legislation, animal <strong>research</strong> see regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> leisure, use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> 291 leprosy 145 Lesch–Nyhan disease 125 lethal-dose (LD 50 ) tests 159, 209, 235 licences (Home Office) 7, 19, 52–3, 223–8 breaches <strong>of</strong> conditions 24–5, 224 discretion in issuing 222, 223 European legislation 234 personal see personal licences project see project licences life absolute value view xxiv, 242 intrinsic value view 242 possession <strong>of</strong> 47 right to 47 lifestyle drugs 136 lifestyle-related diseases 36–7 Limulus 191–2 local lymph node assay 158 Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research 22, 197 lungs, injury to 164 lymphocytes 92–3 macaques import to UK 75 neurobiological <strong>research</strong> 92, 94–5, 172 study <strong>of</strong> human disease 112, 116–17, 179 toxicity testing 160 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 94, 142 malaria 136 Malebranche, Nicolas 63, 246 mammals basic <strong>research</strong> using 89, 96, 101 toxicity tests 159 see also individual species INDEX 329
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The ethics
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The ethics
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Foreword The issue
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Table of contents
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Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
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Conclusions and recommendations ...
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Terms of reference
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 2 The cont
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Chapter 4 The capa
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Section 2 Use of <
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Chapter 5 The use
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Chapter 6 The use
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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