The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s anti-thrombin deficiency, hereditary 103 anti-TNF antibodies 109–10 antivivisection groups 16, 22 undercover investigations/infiltrations 23, 24–5 'anything goes' view xxiv, 244, 246–7 acceptance <strong>of</strong> consensus 256, 257 apes, great see great apes Arabic medicine, early 15 Aristotle 49 arson attacks 26 arthritis 139 rodent model 109, 212 see also rheumatoid arthritis A(SP)A see Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Associate Parliamentary Group for Animal Welfare 145 association cortex 68 Association for Assessment and Accreditation <strong>of</strong> Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) 235, 300 Association <strong>of</strong> Medical Research Charities (AMRC) 6, 22 Association <strong>of</strong> the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) xxxiii, 22, 272, 282 asthma 139 ataxia 125 atherosclerosis 127 ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals) 20 Australia 233 Austria 235 bacteria 122, 160 balance studies 162 basic <strong>research</strong> xx, 5, 89–104, 171–3 animal development 95–6, 172 behavioural studies 89–90 duplication 207 ethical views 251–2, 255 genetic studies 96–100, 172 GM <strong>animals</strong> in xxxiii–xxxiv, 97–100, 172, 280–1 observational 90, 171 physiological studies 90–4, 171 Replacement <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> 195 <strong>research</strong> tools and techniques 100–3, 173 UK statistics 296 unexpected clinical benefits 91 welfare impact 103–4 Battersea Park, London 19 behaviour, animal gene mutations affecting 124 housing environment and 76 interpretation 62–3 observational <strong>research</strong> 6, 90, 171 pain-related 61, 66 <strong>research</strong> studies 89–90 in welfare assessments 69, 70–1 behaviourism 63 benefits <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> to <strong>animals</strong> 242, 252 consensus statement xviii–xix, 262 ethical discussion 241–2 main types xx see also cost-benefit assessment Bentham, Jeremy 41, 49 Bernard, Claude 17 bioavailability tests 138, 143 biocides 155 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research <strong>Council</strong> (BBSRC) xxxiii, 197, 282 birds killed by cats 54 toxicity tests 159, 162 wild 75 blood circulation 15 blood pressure 15, 128, 165 blood sampling 79 blood transfusion BSE transmission 113, 174 hepatitis C transmission 114 HIV/AIDS transmission 116 blue-sky <strong>research</strong> see basic <strong>research</strong> bomb attacks 26 bone marrow micronucleus test 161 transplantation 93 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 107, 110–11, 112–13, 173–4 Boyd Group 199, 200, 267 Boyle, Robert 17 brain insertion <strong>of</strong> electrodes 94, 172 pain pathways 67, 68 breast cancer 117 breathing, agonal 165 breeding selective 45, 46, 96–7 sources <strong>of</strong> harm 74 UK <strong>research</strong> statistics 296 British Medical Association (BMA) 18 British Union for the Abolition <strong>of</strong> Vivisection (BUAV) 6, 22 establishment 18 undercover investigations/infiltrations 23, 24–5 British Veterinary Association (BVA) 20, 27 BSE see bovine spongiform encephalopathy Burch, Rex 19 burrowing 76 Caenorhabditis elegans 122 cages 76 cleaning 77 metabolism 164 Cambridge University 24–5 Canada, regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 233 cancer 101, 174 animal models 107, 117, 118 drug development 194 GM mouse models 125, 127 capture 75 carcinogenicity tests 155, 157, 160, 161, 183 cardiovascular disease 127 care, animal 77 Home Office code <strong>of</strong> practice 224 Refinement 211–12 see also housing; husbandry <strong>The</strong> Case for Animal Rights (Regan) 23 cats basic <strong>research</strong> using 96 killing <strong>of</strong> wild birds 54 regulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> 222 cattle 102, 103, 107 BSE 110–11, 112–13 drug development 140 Celgene Corporation 145 cell cultures 160, 191 limitations <strong>of</strong> using 179 in pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 137 324
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s cell differentiation 93 cell replacement therapy 102 Centre for Best Practice for Animals in Research (CBPAR) 199 cephalopods 72 certificates <strong>of</strong> designation 223, 228 Chair <strong>of</strong> the Three Rs, proposed xxxi, 276 chairs, primate restraint 78, 92, 94–5 chemical industry, funding <strong>research</strong> into Replacements 197 chemicals classification by toxicity 157 high production volume 166 international test guidelines 208–9, 237 mutagenic 97 non-animal pre-screens 158–9 regulatory control 155–6, 166, 236–7 toxicity testing see toxicity testing chick embryos 95 children capacity to suffer 68 eye patching 96 chimeric mice 96, 97–8, 99 chimpanzees capacity to suffer 66 ethical views on use 251 genes shared with humans 65 hepatitis C model 7, 113–14 HIV/AIDS model 116, 117 see also great apes 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) 162 choice and avoidance tests 70 choices, <strong>animals</strong>' 69 Christian tradition 245 circadian rhythms 90 cleaners, household 52 cleaning, cage 77 clear-line view, moral xxii, 38, 39 clinical signs defining humane endpoints 213–14 pain and suffering 69 clinical trials 142–6 limitations 179–80 Phase I–III 143, 147 Phase IV 144–6 cloning animal 100–2, 172–3 reproductive 28, 99, 100–2 therapeutic 100, 101, 102 clothing 248, 251, 253, 291 Coalition for Medical Progress (CMP) 6, 22 MORI poll (2002) 8, 9 Cobbe, Frances Power 18, 22 Code <strong>of</strong> practice on housing and care <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> used in scientific procedures (Home Office) 224 cognitive capacities, higher 42–4, 63 Coleridge, Stephen 19 collagen-induced arthritis 109 coma 165 Committee for the Reform <strong>of</strong> Animal Experimentation (CRAE) 20, 23, 27 Committee on Safety <strong>of</strong> Medicines (CSM) 147 communication 42, 43 comparative anatomy/pathology 123 competitive argument 40 complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries 125 computer modelling studies 191 conclusions, Working Party xxv–xxxvi, 264–86 conscious experience 72 consensus overlapping 256–8 procedural xxv, 257 shared 257 substantive xxv, 257 consensus statement xviii–xx, 261–4 consent 42 consequentialism 49 consequentialist sacrifice, forced xxiv, 242, 250, 252 consequentialist view 48, 49–51, 241 hybrids 52 conservation, endangered species 101 conservatism, <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong>ers 198–9 contract <strong>research</strong> organisations (CRO) 24 effect <strong>of</strong> animal rights extremism 272 project licences 228 contrafreeloading 76 Convention for the protection <strong>of</strong> vertebrate <strong>animals</strong> used for experimental and other scientific purposes (ETS 123, 1986) 233, 235 convulsions 159–60, 164, 165 corrosive chemicals, testing 158, 165 corticosterone 164 cortisol 69 cosmetic industry, funding <strong>research</strong> into Replacements 197 cosmetics 155, 283 EU ban on testing 195, 235, 277 eye irritancy tests 192 UK ban on testing 52, 223, 231–2, 262 cost-benefit assessment A(SP)A 27, 53, 225–8, 274–5 conclusions and recommendations xxviii–xxix, 274–5 consequentialist approach 50 ethical discussion 241–2 Ethical Review Process (ERP) 226, 229 European legislation 28 information on, recommendations xxix, 269 'on balance justification' view 247–9 costs to <strong>animals</strong> see harm to <strong>animals</strong> Covance 25 crab, horseshoe 191–2 creativity, human 254 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) 110 variant (vCJD) 107, 110–11, 113, 174 critical anthropomorphism xxiii, 64, 72–3, 81, 253 critical periods in development 96 Crohn's disease 110 Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 18–19, 27, 221 curiosity-driven <strong>research</strong> see basic <strong>research</strong> CXCR2 chemokine receptor 139 cystic fibrosis 102–3, 246–7 cytokines 108–9 Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate 80 databases GM <strong>animals</strong> xxxiv, 281 Replacements 200 data sharing xxxii–xxxiii, 207, 208, 264, 279–80 Dawkins, Marian 69, 70 deafness 124, 127 death animal, UK legislation 52, 53 significance <strong>of</strong> 47 in toxicity tests 159, 164, 165–6, 176 see also endpoints; euthanasia debate on animal <strong>research</strong> 5–6 INDEX 325
Page 1 and 2:
The ethics
Page 3:
The ethics
Page 7 and 8:
Foreword The issue
Page 9 and 10:
Table of contents
Page 11 and 12:
Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
Page 13:
Conclusions and recommendations ...
Page 17:
Terms of reference
Page 20 and 21:
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 41:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 51:
Chapter 2 The cont
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 69:
Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 97:
Chapter 4 The capa
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 121:
Section 2 Use of <
Page 125:
Chapter 5 The use
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 143:
Chapter 6 The use
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223:
Section 3 Alternatives
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255:
Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277:
Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312: T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
Page 325: Appendices
Page 376: Genetic screening: ethical issues P
show all

The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?