The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s anti-thrombin deficiency, hereditary 103 anti-TNF antibodies 109–10 antivivisection groups 16, 22 undercover investigations/infiltrations 23, 24–5 'anything goes' view xxiv, 244, 246–7 acceptance <strong>of</strong> consensus 256, 257 apes, great see great apes Arabic medicine, early 15 Aristotle 49 arson attacks 26 arthritis 139 rodent model 109, 212 see also rheumatoid arthritis A(SP)A see Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Associate Parliamentary Group for Animal Welfare 145 association cortex 68 Association for Assessment and Accreditation <strong>of</strong> Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) 235, 300 Association <strong>of</strong> Medical Research Charities (AMRC) 6, 22 Association <strong>of</strong> the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) xxxiii, 22, 272, 282 asthma 139 ataxia 125 atherosclerosis 127 ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals) 20 Australia 233 Austria 235 bacteria 122, 160 balance studies 162 basic <strong>research</strong> xx, 5, 89–104, 171–3 animal development 95–6, 172 behavioural studies 89–90 duplication 207 ethical views 251–2, 255 genetic studies 96–100, 172 GM <strong>animals</strong> in xxxiii–xxxiv, 97–100, 172, 280–1 observational 90, 171 physiological studies 90–4, 171 Replacement <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> 195 <strong>research</strong> tools and techniques 100–3, 173 UK statistics 296 unexpected clinical benefits 91 welfare impact 103–4 Battersea Park, London 19 behaviour, animal gene mutations affecting 124 housing environment and 76 interpretation 62–3 observational <strong>research</strong> 6, 90, 171 pain-related 61, 66 <strong>research</strong> studies 89–90 in welfare assessments 69, 70–1 behaviourism 63 benefits <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> to <strong>animals</strong> 242, 252 consensus statement xviii–xix, 262 ethical discussion 241–2 main types xx see also cost-benefit assessment Bentham, Jeremy 41, 49 Bernard, Claude 17 bioavailability tests 138, 143 biocides 155 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research <strong>Council</strong> (BBSRC) xxxiii, 197, 282 birds killed by cats 54 toxicity tests 159, 162 wild 75 blood circulation 15 blood pressure 15, 128, 165 blood sampling 79 blood transfusion BSE transmission 113, 174 hepatitis C transmission 114 HIV/AIDS transmission 116 blue-sky <strong>research</strong> see basic <strong>research</strong> bomb attacks 26 bone marrow micronucleus test 161 transplantation 93 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 107, 110–11, 112–13, 173–4 Boyd Group 199, 200, 267 Boyle, Robert 17 brain insertion <strong>of</strong> electrodes 94, 172 pain pathways 67, 68 breast cancer 117 breathing, agonal 165 breeding selective 45, 46, 96–7 sources <strong>of</strong> harm 74 UK <strong>research</strong> statistics 296 British Medical Association (BMA) 18 British Union for the Abolition <strong>of</strong> Vivisection (BUAV) 6, 22 establishment 18 undercover investigations/infiltrations 23, 24–5 British Veterinary Association (BVA) 20, 27 BSE see bovine spongiform encephalopathy Burch, Rex 19 burrowing 76 Caenorhabditis elegans 122 cages 76 cleaning 77 metabolism 164 Cambridge University 24–5 Canada, regulation <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> 233 cancer 101, 174 animal models 107, 117, 118 drug development 194 GM mouse models 125, 127 capture 75 carcinogenicity tests 155, 157, 160, 161, 183 cardiovascular disease 127 care, animal 77 Home Office code <strong>of</strong> practice 224 Refinement 211–12 see also housing; husbandry <strong>The</strong> Case for Animal Rights (Regan) 23 cats basic <strong>research</strong> using 96 killing <strong>of</strong> wild birds 54 regulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> 222 cattle 102, 103, 107 BSE 110–11, 112–13 drug development 140 Celgene Corporation 145 cell cultures 160, 191 limitations <strong>of</strong> using 179 in pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> 137 324
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s cell differentiation 93 cell replacement therapy 102 Centre for Best Practice for Animals in Research (CBPAR) 199 cephalopods 72 certificates <strong>of</strong> designation 223, 228 Chair <strong>of</strong> the Three Rs, proposed xxxi, 276 chairs, primate restraint 78, 92, 94–5 chemical industry, funding <strong>research</strong> into Replacements 197 chemicals classification by toxicity 157 high production volume 166 international test guidelines 208–9, 237 mutagenic 97 non-animal pre-screens 158–9 regulatory control 155–6, 166, 236–7 toxicity testing see toxicity testing chick embryos 95 children capacity to suffer 68 eye patching 96 chimeric mice 96, 97–8, 99 chimpanzees capacity to suffer 66 ethical views on use 251 genes shared with humans 65 hepatitis C model 7, 113–14 HIV/AIDS model 116, 117 see also great apes 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) 162 choice and avoidance tests 70 choices, <strong>animals</strong>' 69 Christian tradition 245 circadian rhythms 90 cleaners, household 52 cleaning, cage 77 clear-line view, moral xxii, 38, 39 clinical signs defining humane endpoints 213–14 pain and suffering 69 clinical trials 142–6 limitations 179–80 Phase I–III 143, 147 Phase IV 144–6 cloning animal 100–2, 172–3 reproductive 28, 99, 100–2 therapeutic 100, 101, 102 clothing 248, 251, 253, 291 Coalition for Medical Progress (CMP) 6, 22 MORI poll (2002) 8, 9 Cobbe, Frances Power 18, 22 Code <strong>of</strong> practice on housing and care <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> used in scientific procedures (Home Office) 224 cognitive capacities, higher 42–4, 63 Coleridge, Stephen 19 collagen-induced arthritis 109 coma 165 Committee for the Reform <strong>of</strong> Animal Experimentation (CRAE) 20, 23, 27 Committee on Safety <strong>of</strong> Medicines (CSM) 147 communication 42, 43 comparative anatomy/pathology 123 competitive argument 40 complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries 125 computer modelling studies 191 conclusions, Working Party xxv–xxxvi, 264–86 conscious experience 72 consensus overlapping 256–8 procedural xxv, 257 shared 257 substantive xxv, 257 consensus statement xviii–xx, 261–4 consent 42 consequentialism 49 consequentialist sacrifice, forced xxiv, 242, 250, 252 consequentialist view 48, 49–51, 241 hybrids 52 conservation, endangered species 101 conservatism, <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong>ers 198–9 contract <strong>research</strong> organisations (CRO) 24 effect <strong>of</strong> animal rights extremism 272 project licences 228 contrafreeloading 76 Convention for the protection <strong>of</strong> vertebrate <strong>animals</strong> used for experimental and other scientific purposes (ETS 123, 1986) 233, 235 convulsions 159–60, 164, 165 corrosive chemicals, testing 158, 165 corticosterone 164 cortisol 69 cosmetic industry, funding <strong>research</strong> into Replacements 197 cosmetics 155, 283 EU ban on testing 195, 235, 277 eye irritancy tests 192 UK ban on testing 52, 223, 231–2, 262 cost-benefit assessment A(SP)A 27, 53, 225–8, 274–5 conclusions and recommendations xxviii–xxix, 274–5 consequentialist approach 50 ethical discussion 241–2 Ethical Review Process (ERP) 226, 229 European legislation 28 information on, recommendations xxix, 269 'on balance justification' view 247–9 costs to <strong>animals</strong> see harm to <strong>animals</strong> Covance 25 crab, horseshoe 191–2 creativity, human 254 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) 110 variant (vCJD) 107, 110–11, 113, 174 critical anthropomorphism xxiii, 64, 72–3, 81, 253 critical periods in development 96 Crohn's disease 110 Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 18–19, 27, 221 curiosity-driven <strong>research</strong> see basic <strong>research</strong> CXCR2 chemokine receptor 139 cystic fibrosis 102–3, 246–7 cytokines 108–9 Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate 80 databases GM <strong>animals</strong> xxxiv, 281 Replacements 200 data sharing xxxii–xxxiii, 207, 208, 264, 279–80 Dawkins, Marian 69, 70 deafness 124, 127 death animal, UK legislation 52, 53 significance <strong>of</strong> 47 in toxicity tests 159, 164, 165–6, 176 see also endpoints; euthanasia debate on animal <strong>research</strong> 5–6 INDEX 325
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The ethics
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The ethics
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Foreword The issue
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Table of contents
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Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
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Conclusions and recommendations ...
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Terms of reference
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 2 The cont
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Chapter 4 The capa
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Section 2 Use of <
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Chapter 5 The use
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Chapter 6 The use
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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