The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells, which can divide indefinitely and produce either more stem cells or cells that commit to becoming more specialised (differentiated) cell types. Stereotypy: A repeated, relatively invariant sequence <strong>of</strong> movements that have no obvious function. Stroke: A sudden disabling attack or loss <strong>of</strong> consciousness caused by either an interruption in the flow <strong>of</strong> blood to the brain or bleeding into the brain. Subcellular: Situated or occurring within the cell. Synovium: <strong>The</strong> cellular membrane lining joints. T cells: Lymphocytes <strong>of</strong> the immune system that derive from the thymus gland. <strong>The</strong>y make cellmediated immune responses rather than antibody responses. Telemetry: <strong>The</strong> automatic measurement and transmission <strong>of</strong> data by radio or other means from remote sources. This is used for recording and analysis. Teratogenicity: Capacity to cause malformations <strong>of</strong> an embryo. Three Rs: Reduction, refinement, replacement. Tissue: Any <strong>of</strong> the coherent collections <strong>of</strong> specialised cells <strong>of</strong> which <strong>animals</strong> or plants are made, such as muscular or vascular tissue. Tissues are combined to make organs, such as the brain and liver. Tissue culture: Tissues maintained in a culture dish. Toxicity: Capacity to cause harm to cells or organisms. Toxicogenomics: A scientific sub-discipline concerned with the influence <strong>of</strong> genes in determining susceptibility to specific toxins. Transgenic animal: An animal that has been genetically modified. Utilitarianism: A form <strong>of</strong> Consequentialism. <strong>The</strong> philosophy states that the best actions are those that produce most overall happiness or pleasure. Vaccine: An antigenic preparation used to stimulate immune responses in order to protect an individual against a disease —usually an infectious disease. Experimental vaccines to treat some cancers are being tested in trials. vCJD (variant CJD): A form <strong>of</strong> transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in humans caused by BSE prions. Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone. Virulent: (<strong>of</strong> a pathogen) capable <strong>of</strong> causing serious disease. Wild type: A form <strong>of</strong> an organism, strain, gene, or characteristic, as it occurs in nature. 320
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s Glossary <strong>of</strong> abbreviations 3Rs Reduction, Refinement and Replacement ABPI Association <strong>of</strong> the British Pharmaceutical Industry ADR Adverse drug reaction AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ALF Animal Liberation Front AMRC Association <strong>of</strong> Medical Research Charities APC Animal Procedures Committee A(SP)A Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 BBSRC Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research <strong>Council</strong> BMA British Medical Association BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BUAV British Union for the Abolition <strong>of</strong> Vivisection CJD Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease CMP Coalition for Medical Progress CNS Central nervous system CSM Committee on Safety <strong>of</strong> Medicines DBS Deep brain stimulation DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DTI Department <strong>of</strong> Trade and Industry EC European Commission ECG Electrocardiogram ECVAM European Centre for the Validation <strong>of</strong> Alternative Methods ERP Ethical Review Process ES Cells Embryonic stem cells EU European Union FDA US Food and Drug Administration FoI Freedom <strong>of</strong> Information Act FRAME Fund for the Replacement <strong>of</strong> Animals in Medical Experiments GM Genetically modified HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HO Home Office HSE Health and Safety Executive IAT Institute <strong>of</strong> Animal Technology ICCVAM Interagency Co-ordinating Committee on the Validation <strong>of</strong> Alternatives ICH International Conference on Harmonisation <strong>of</strong> Technical Requirements for Registration <strong>of</strong> Pharmaceuticals for Human Use IDG3Rs Inter-departmental Group on the 3Rs LAVA Laboratory Animal Veterinary Association LASA Laboratory Animals Science Association MAG Myelin-associated glycoprotein MHRA Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency MORI Market & Opinion Research International MRC Medical Research <strong>Council</strong> MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging NACWO Named Animal Care and Welfare Officer GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS 321
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The ethics
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The ethics
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Foreword The issue
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Table of contents
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Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
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Conclusions and recommendations ...
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Terms of reference
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 2 The cont
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Chapter 4 The capa
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Section 2 Use of <
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Chapter 5 The use
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Chapter 6 The use
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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