The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s<br />
Pathogenesis: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> processes by which a disease develops.<br />
Peptide: A short string <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> amino acids, which occurs either within a larger protein molecule or as<br />
an individual, biologically important molecule.<br />
Perit<strong>on</strong>eum: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> cellular membrane lining the cavity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the abdomen (the perit<strong>on</strong>eal cavity).<br />
Pharmaceutical: Medicinal drug.<br />
GLOSSARY<br />
Pharmacokinetics: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> process by which a medicine is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and<br />
eliminated by the body.<br />
Pharming: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> producti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> pharmaceuticals in genetically modified plants or <str<strong>on</strong>g>animals</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
Phenotype: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> observable or measurable traits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an individual, which depend <strong>on</strong> both its<br />
genotype and the envir<strong>on</strong>ment.<br />
Phototoxicity: Toxicity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a compound in the presence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> light. While a medicine by itself may<br />
have no toxic effects, this may change in combinati<strong>on</strong> with light.<br />
Potency: Strength <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> acti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Pri<strong>on</strong>: Infectious proteins that are the cause <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> transmissible sp<strong>on</strong>giform encephalopathies such<br />
as scrapie, BSE and CJD.<br />
Procedure: A combinati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e or more technical acts carried out <strong>on</strong> an animal for an<br />
experimental or other scientific purpose which may cause that animal pain, suffering, distress or<br />
lasting harm. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 uses the term 'procedure' rather than<br />
'experiment' so that laboratory <str<strong>on</strong>g>animals</str<strong>on</strong>g> used in ways which are not experimental, such as<br />
breeding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> harmful mutants, are also covered.<br />
Progeny: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fspring <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an organism.<br />
Prophylactic: For the purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> preventing disease.<br />
Protein: A molecule c<strong>on</strong>sisting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a l<strong>on</strong>g chain <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> amino acids, folded up into a specific threedimensi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
structure, which determines its functi<strong>on</strong>. Proteins are encoded by genes and are<br />
essential for almost all life processes.<br />
Pyrogenic: Producing heat, especially in the body.<br />
Receptor: A molecule <strong>on</strong> or in a cell that specifically recognises a signal molecule outside the cell<br />
such as a neurotransmitter or horm<strong>on</strong>e.<br />
Retro-orbital bleeding: A method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> drawing blood from behind the eye.<br />
Rib<strong>on</strong>ucleic acid (RNA): A single stranded nucleic acid molecule produced by transcripti<strong>on</strong> from<br />
DNA. It c<strong>on</strong>sists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a l<strong>on</strong>g chain made from four nucleotides, whose sequence determines the<br />
informati<strong>on</strong>al c<strong>on</strong>tent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the molecule. It may either be translated into protein or may itself have<br />
a direct functi<strong>on</strong>al role.<br />
Ruminant: A ho<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed animal that chews the cud e.g. cows, sheep.<br />
Selective breeding: Where organisms exhibiting desired characteristics are used to produce<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fspring that also bear those characteristics.<br />
Sentient: Having the power <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> percepti<strong>on</strong> by the senses.<br />
Sequencing: Ascertaining the sequence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> amino acid subunits in a polypeptide (protein) or <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
nucleotides in an RNA or DNA molecule.<br />
Somatic: Of or relating to the body. A distincti<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten made between the somatic cells <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an<br />
animal, which leave no genetic trace when the animal dies, and the germ cells, which can pass <strong>on</strong><br />
the animal’s genetic informati<strong>on</strong> to the next generati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
319