The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s<br />
Genotoxicity: Damage to DNA, which may promote the development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cancer or, if it involves<br />
the gametes, cause heritable mutati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Genetics: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> inheritance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> variati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Genetic modificati<strong>on</strong>: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> modificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an organism’s hereditary material using scientific<br />
techniques, (also known as genetic engineering).<br />
GLOSSARY<br />
Genetic screen: A search through a large number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> intenti<strong>on</strong>ally created mutant organisms for<br />
a particular observable characteristic <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scientific relevance.<br />
Genome: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> total genetic complement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a cell, individual, or species, which is c<strong>on</strong>tained in its<br />
DNA.<br />
Genomics: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> science <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> studying the DNA sequence and properties <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> entire genomes (the<br />
sequencing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the DNA <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the entire human genome is an example).<br />
Genotype: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> entire genetic c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an individual, as distinguished from their observable<br />
characteristics (which are referred to as their phenotype).<br />
Germline: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> gametes (eggs or sperm) and the cells that give rise to the gametes, which transmit<br />
genetic material from <strong>on</strong>e generati<strong>on</strong> to the next.<br />
Great apes: An order <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> primates c<strong>on</strong>sisting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> gorillas, chimpanzees, b<strong>on</strong>obos and orangutans.<br />
Hepatocyte: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> main specialised cells <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the liver.<br />
Hepatotoxicity: Damage to the hepatocytes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the liver.<br />
Histopathology: Cellular changes in tissues caused by disease.<br />
Horm<strong>on</strong>e: A molecule secreted by an endocrine gland into the blood that regulates the<br />
development and/or activities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> specific cells in the body.<br />
Humane endpoint: See Endpoint.<br />
Hybrid: A hybrid animal or plant is the product <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a genetic cross between two different breeds,<br />
lines or species; species hybrids such as mules are <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten sterile. Hybrid cells can be produced in<br />
culture by fusing two different cell types.<br />
Hybrid view: A view that combines two different viewpoints.<br />
Immunodeficient: An animal with a poorly functi<strong>on</strong>ing immune system.<br />
Inbred strains: Organisms that are almost genetically identical, which are usually produced by<br />
repeated rounds <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> inbreeding.<br />
Incubati<strong>on</strong> period (<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a disease): <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> period between exposure to an infecti<strong>on</strong> and the<br />
appearance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the first symptoms.<br />
Intravenous (i.v.): Administered into a vein.<br />
Invasive: A procedure that involves the introducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> instruments into the body.<br />
Invertebrates: Animals without a backb<strong>on</strong>e.<br />
In vitro: A process or procedure in a test tube or culture dish (‘in glass’).<br />
In vivo: A process or procedure in a living animal (‘in life’).<br />
Kantian: Approach <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the German philosopher Kant. Kant affirms the existence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an absolute<br />
moral law, the categorical imperative. See de<strong>on</strong>tology.<br />
Knock-out: Removal or inactivati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a gene.<br />
Knock-in: Replacement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e gene by another (<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten modified) gene.<br />
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