The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s Information on Replacements, education and training 11.34 Many organisations provide information on Replacement methods in <strong>research</strong> and education. For example, ECVAM provides an online database, the ECVAM Scientific Information System (SIS), which provides details <strong>of</strong> methods currently undergoing validation 21 and, in Germany, the German Institute <strong>of</strong> Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI) Center for Documentation and Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET) gives access to a database called Animalt-Zebet, which has extensive information on Replacements. 22 A bibliographic database (Altbib) is maintained by the US National Library <strong>of</strong> Medicine. 23 11.35 <strong>The</strong> provision <strong>of</strong> information in tertiary and postgraduate education has long been promoted by the RSPCA and is now being pursued in conjunction with the Boyd Group. Interniche has produced a comprehensive guidebook to educational alternatives 24 and there are web-based information services, such as the European Union Resource Centre for Alternatives in Higher Education (EURCA) 25 and the Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives (NORINA). 26 Summary 11.36 In this chapter we have explored the concept <strong>of</strong> the Replacement approach, and its current and future applications. We differentiated between complete Replacement, which relates to alternative methods that do not involve any use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong>, or animal tissue or organs, and incomplete Replacement, where either early developmental stages <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> or animal tissue, for example <strong>of</strong> humanely killed <strong>animals</strong>, is used. We argued that the concept <strong>of</strong> Replacement is best understood in a broad sense. We also discussed several different ways in which non-animal methods can be used: on the one hand, they can replace existing tests; on the other they may displace or avoid animal experiments altogether. Non-animal methods may also function as advanced methods, or as adjuncts to animal experiments. 11.37 <strong>The</strong> public debate about the potential for replacing <strong>animals</strong> usually focuses on what is or is not possible with animal experiments in general. This is not particularly helpful or constructive. We observed that the potential for achieving Replacement <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> depends on the nature <strong>of</strong> the specific scientific question being addressed and therefore has to be evaluated on a case by case basis rather than in general terms. Similarly, claims about whether or not Replacements are more economic, faster or produce more reliable scientific data need to be assessed in the same way. Accordingly, we considered a range <strong>of</strong> approaches where Replacements are currently being used, including computer studies, in vitro methods and human studies. 21 ECVAM Scientific Information Service, available at: http://ecvam-sis.jrc.it/. Accessed on: 6 May 2005. 22 German Institute <strong>of</strong> Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI) Center for Documentation and Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET) Animalt-Zebet, available at: http://www.dimdi.de/static/en/db/dbinfo/dbmemo/zt00eng.html. Accessed on: 6 May 2005. 23 National Library <strong>of</strong> Medicine ALTBIB: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use <strong>of</strong> Live Vertebrates in Biomedical Research and Testing, available at: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/altbib.html. Accessed on: 6 May 2005. 24 Jukes N and Chiuia M (2003) From Guinea Pig to Computer Mouse, 2nd Edition (Leicester: International Network for Humane Education). 25 European Resource Centre for Alternatives in Higher Education (EURCA) website, available at: http://www.eurca.org. Accessed on: 6 May 2005. 26 Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science & Alternatives (NORINA) website, available at: http://oslovet.veths.no. Accessed on: 6 May 2005. 200
T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c h i n v o l v i n g a n i m a l s 11.38 <strong>The</strong>re is a tendency for discussion on the potential for replacing <strong>animals</strong> to focus solely on toxicity testing required by regulation, and it appears that most progress has been made in this area. In order to explore the potential for replacing <strong>animals</strong> elsewhere, scientific and non-scientific barriers that can influence the implementation <strong>of</strong> Replacements need to be considered. <strong>The</strong>se include the high degree <strong>of</strong> complexity <strong>of</strong> human biological processes, which is relevant where <strong>animals</strong> are used for the study <strong>of</strong> human disease; possible reluctance by regulators to accept new alternative methods; access to human tissue; and the scientific standing <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> that aims to develop Replacements. We return to ways <strong>of</strong> overcoming these obstacles in paragraphs 15.57–15.62 and now turn to the current state and future potential <strong>of</strong> Refinement and Reduction. CHAPTER 11 REPLACEMENTS 201
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The ethics
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The ethics
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Foreword The issue
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Table of contents
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Stages 1-2: discovery and selection
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Conclusions and recommendations ...
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Terms of reference
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 2 The cont
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Section 2 Use of <
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Appendices
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Genetic screening: ethical issues P
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