The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

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Chapter 12 – Reduction and Refinement ...........................................................203 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................205 Applying Reduction and Refinement to <strong>research</strong> strategies .......................................................205 Reduction.........................................................................................................................................206 Definition and scope ............................................................................................................206 Harmonisation <strong>of</strong> international test guidelines .................................................................208 Refinement............................................................................................................................209 Definition and scope ............................................................................................................209 Potential for Refinement .....................................................................................................210 Some specific examples <strong>of</strong> Refinement...............................................................................210 Barriers to implementing Refinement ................................................................................214 Overcoming constraints........................................................................................................215 Summary ..........................................................................................................................................216 SECTION 4: LEGAL, ETHICAL AND POLICY RELATED ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Chapter 13 – Legislation, regulation and policy relating to scientific................... procedures on <strong>animals</strong> ..................................................................219 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................221 Historical background to the A(SP)A.............................................................................................221 <strong>The</strong> A(SP)A: general operational aspects ......................................................................................222 <strong>The</strong> A(SP)A in practice ....................................................................................................................223 Recent issues <strong>of</strong> public debate.......................................................................................................232 International regulation.................................................................................................................233 Regulations requiring the use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> .....................................................................................236 Summary..........................................................................................................................................237 Chapter 14 – Discussion <strong>of</strong> ethical issues...........................................................239 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................241 Summary: four stances on the <strong>ethics</strong> <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> ............................................................244 Discussion: four stances on animal <strong>research</strong> .................................................................................245 1. <strong>The</strong> ’anything goes’ view .................................................................................................246 2. <strong>The</strong> ’on balance justification’ view..................................................................................247 3. <strong>The</strong> ‘moral dilemma’ view................................................................................................249 4. <strong>The</strong> ‘abolitionist’ view ......................................................................................................252 Public policy in the context <strong>of</strong> moral disagreement ....................................................................255 Chapter 15 – Discussion and recommendations................................................259 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................261 Consensus statement by all members <strong>of</strong> the Working Party.......................................................261 Research <strong>involving</strong> <strong>animals</strong> and other uses <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong>......................................................261 <strong>The</strong> benefits <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> <strong>involving</strong> <strong>animals</strong> ........................................................................262 Desirability <strong>of</strong> a world without animal <strong>research</strong>................................................................262 <strong>The</strong> ethical importance <strong>of</strong> the Three Rs..............................................................................263 Regulation.............................................................................................................................263 Duplication <strong>of</strong> experiments on <strong>animals</strong> ..............................................................................264 <strong>The</strong> context <strong>of</strong> the debate ...................................................................................................264 X
Conclusions and recommendations ...............................................................................................264 <strong>The</strong> context <strong>of</strong> the debate ...................................................................................................265 General observations........................................................................................................265 Provision <strong>of</strong> information by the Home Office................................................................266 Provision <strong>of</strong> information by campaigning organisations and <strong>research</strong>ers, and ................ ways <strong>of</strong> improving the broader context <strong>of</strong> public debate.........................................269 <strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> legislation and regulation ................................................................................273 Cost-benefit assessment and moral agency....................................................................274 Development and implementation <strong>of</strong> the Three Rs ..........................................................275 Publishing information about the Three Rs ...................................................................275 Coordination <strong>of</strong> effort between funding bodies and the NC3Rs .................................275 Enhancing the role <strong>of</strong> the ERP.........................................................................................276 Examination <strong>of</strong> new technologies for Three R potential: Chair <strong>of</strong> the Three Rs ........276 Thorough analysis <strong>of</strong> scientific barriers to Replacements .............................................276 Other issues ...........................................................................................................................277 Motivating and monitoring the reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>research</strong> <strong>involving</strong> <strong>animals</strong>...................277 Duplication........................................................................................................................279 <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> GM <strong>animals</strong> in basic <strong>research</strong>........................................................................280 <strong>The</strong> scientific validity <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong> and the use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in the study <strong>of</strong> ............ human disease ..............................................................................................................281 Testing for toxicity............................................................................................................282 <strong>The</strong> international context <strong>of</strong> animal <strong>research</strong>................................................................283 Appendix 1: Statistics – Use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in the UK ............................................289 Appendix 2: Statistics – Research <strong>involving</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in the UK, EU, USA ............. and Japan .....................................................................291 Appendix 3: Reports by other organisations.....................................................297 Appendix 4: Method <strong>of</strong> working ........................................................................299 Appendix 5: Consultation with the public.........................................................305 Glossary.................................................................................................................315 Glossary <strong>of</strong> abbreviations....................................................................................321 Index......................................................................................................................323 XI
Page 1 and 2: The ethics
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Page 7 and 8: Foreword The issue
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T h e e t h i c s o f r e s e a r c
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Chapter 3 Ethical issues raised by
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Section 3 Alternatives
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Section 4 Legal, ethical and policy
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Chapter 14 Discussion of</s
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Appendices
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Genetic screening: ethical issues P
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