The ethics of research involving animals - Nuffield Council on ...

What is the appropriate role <strong>of</strong> regulation for <strong>research</strong> <strong>involving</strong> <strong>animals</strong>?...............................55
Two views about moral agency .............................................................................................55
Should regulations be relaxed or tightened to achieve least risk and best moral practice? ...55
Summary............................................................................................................................................57
Chapter 4 – <strong>The</strong> capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> to experience pain, distress and suffering....59
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................61
Philosophical problems with regard to assessing the welfare <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong>....................................62
<strong>The</strong> evolutionary continuum............................................................................................................64
Pain, suffering and distress: meaning and function in <strong>animals</strong> and humans...............................66
Subjective and objective elements <strong>of</strong> assessing welfare:
a correlative approach......................................................................................................................68
Summary <strong>of</strong> paragraphs 4.3–4.28 ....................................................................................................72
Sources <strong>of</strong> harm for laboratory <strong>animals</strong>..........................................................................................73
Summary............................................................................................................................................81
SECTION 2: USE OF ANIMALS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Introduction to Section 2.......................................................................................85
Chapter 5 – <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in basic biological <strong>research</strong> .............................87
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................89
Behavioural studies...........................................................................................................................89
Physiological studies .........................................................................................................................90
Studies <strong>of</strong> animal development .......................................................................................................95
Genetic studies ..................................................................................................................................96
Research tools and techniques.......................................................................................................100
Summary..........................................................................................................................................103
Chapter 6 – <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in the study <strong>of</strong> human disease......................105
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................107
<strong>The</strong> pathogenesis <strong>of</strong> disease ..........................................................................................................107
New therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis...................................................................108
<strong>The</strong> transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ........................................................................110
<strong>The</strong> discovery <strong>of</strong> the hepatitis C virus using the chimpanzee .....................................................113
Study <strong>of</strong> polio and the development <strong>of</strong> polio vaccine.................................................................114
Diseases for which treatments and cures have been difficult to develop..................................116
Summary..........................................................................................................................................118
Chapter 7 – Genetically modified <strong>animals</strong> in the study <strong>of</strong> human disease.....119
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................121
<strong>The</strong> mouse as a model for human disease....................................................................................122
Disease models in the mouse.........................................................................................................123
Zebrafish and rats as disease models ............................................................................................128
Summary..........................................................................................................................................129
Chapter 8 – <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> for <strong>research</strong> in the pharmaceutical industry ...131
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................133
<strong>The</strong> development <strong>of</strong> the pharmaceutical industry .......................................................................133
Use <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> in pharmaceutical <strong>research</strong> and development....................................................134
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