W. C a r e w H a z l i t t Coinage of the European Continent

514 The Coins of Europe
Pillars cannot be received as an independent proof of colonial
origin
or destination.
The money of Charles V., Philip II., and their successors,
exhibited relatively very slight changes so far as the
internal currency was concerned, but necessarily acquired
increased volume and variety, as the political circumstances
of the country experienced development either of a permanent
or temporary character. Spain has at different times struck
coins for
Portugal.
Italy.
Sicily.
Sardinia.
The Balearic Isles.
The Netherlands.
Mexico.
Chihuahua.
The Philippines.
To which we have to add England in two senses in respect
of the money with the names of Philip and Mary, and of that
with the name of Philip alone. On the other hand, England
has had since the commencement of the present century its
own occasional currency for Gibraltar, 1
while the occupation
of parts of the kingdom by the French in the time of Louis
XIII. and XIV., and nearer to our own days by Napoleon,
has left tolerably copious numismatic reminiscences behind
it in the shape of what must be classed altogether as money
of necessity. Joseph Napoleon alone, during his brief and
precarious tenure of sovereignty, struck coins at Madrid and
and denominations
elsewhere in all metals of the usual types
with his portrait and with the arms of Leon and Castile,
charged with the French eagle (in lieu of the fleurs-de-lis) ;
his 4-reales piece of 1812 corresponds in weight and size to
the 2 reales of Ferdinand VII., and his 20 reales similarly
represents
the 8 reales of the normal standard. But in
estimating the relative value of the money of the Napoleonic
regime, the reduced weight of the real has to be taken into
1 See Mr. H. Montagu's Catalogue of Colonial Coins, sold May 3, 4, 1892,
Nos. 23-26.