W. C a r e w H a z l i t t Coinage of the European Continent

Descriptive Oiitline of the Coinages of Europe 497
Temeraire, Duke of Burgundy, to discuss international
questions of coinage and exchange. The growing demands
of trade, and the active and profitable intercourse which
England then maintained with Flanders, as well as with
Holland, rendered imperative as simple a basis of calculation
as possible.
Lorraine (Lotharingia] was originally one extensive
district, subsequently divided into Upper and Lower
Lo
r
eand
Lorraine, of which the latter became perma-
nently distinct, and in fact comprised a large
share of the Flemish portion of the more modern
duchy of Burgundy. Haute-Lorraine, on the other hand,
constituted from the tenth century an important fief of the
empire, and at a more advanced period of the French
Crown, to which it paid homage down to 1465. In 1419
a marriage had brought the duchy of Bar into the same
house
;
and in 1542 the united sovereignty, in the person of
the then reigning Duke Antoine (1508-44), was declared a
free and independent government. In 1738 Francois III.
exchanged Lorraine with Louis XV. for the grand-dukedom
of Tuscany, and in 1766 the province and territory were
united to the French Crown.
The earliest known coinage of this region and state
precedes its partition by Otho I., and consists of deniers of
the Christiana Religio and Temple type of Gislebert (9 1 6-40)
with a cross on rev. cantoned with points. That of Haute-
Lorraine, with which we are more directly concerned, seems
to commence in the middle of the eleventh century, within
a century of the apparent conclusion of the older series.
We have thus three numismatic epochs: i, the coinage
of undivided Lorraine, c.
900-^. 950 ; 2, that of Basse-
Lorraine, c. 959-c. 1140; 3, that of Haute-Lorraine,
1048-1766, if we are to include the interval between 1738,
when Stanislas I., King of Poland, father-in-law of Louis
XV., acquired the domain and title by exchange, and the
ultimate cession to the Crown.
Our acquaintance with the by far most interesting and
important division, the autonomous money of Lorraine proper,
2 K