W. C a r e w H a z l i t t Coinage of the European Continent

308 The Coins of Europe
parallel with those of the electors and dukes by virtue of
privileges or concessions accorded to bishops, abbots, towns,
and territorial dignitaries of all kinds and
; political boundary
lines did not preclude the employment of mints by personages
outside the immediate jurisdiction, on a principle foreign
to modern ideas and possibilities. We see this traversing
and entangled system exemplified at every turn ;
and it is
not so apt to take us by surprise in the case of great
temporal or even ecclesiastical rulers, as where the Burgraf
of Ntirnberg in the absence of local facilities is found with
liberty to strike money for the city at a distance. It was an
inversion of the Merovingian plan, by which, as we judge, the
moneyer brought his primitive apparatus to every man's door.
In the Catalogues we have already dealt with all the
principal numismatic features of this division either under
the one or the other head. We have to add here, that, in
common with Silesia and the rest of the great battlefield,
the Palatinate issued in or about 1621 uniface copper
hellers of flimsy fabric for public convenience from more
than one mint, and that no expedient was neglected, and no
scruple used, to obtain, during that desperate and murderous
struggle in the name of Religion, the material for paying
the expenses of the campaign. The collector should be
aware that there is
money coined by Christian of Brunswick
out of the silver shrine of the Cathedral of Paderborn
with the legend : The friend of God and the enemy of the
priests, and pieces with Altera restat, struck on the amputation
of the King's
left arm, to signify that his right one
remained to him for use. We call attention to the interesting
coinage of the princely house of Fugger, the curiously archaic
work on some of the thalers of Leuchtenberg, of which none
is later than 1555, and to the fine
Augsburgh inaugurationpiece
of the Emperor Francis I. in 1745. Some of the
earlier money of Niirnberg is deserving of attention ;
the
license to strike in gold dates from 1390. A ducat in that
metal of 1618 exhibits the St. Laurence type, which was
copied at Wismar. The thalers are of various dates : one
of 1629 has on the obverse the arms of the Palatinate and