W. C a r e w H a z l i t t Coinage of the European Continent

306 The Coins of Europe
(1596-1651), dated 1598, with the effigy
of the canonised
Emperor Henry II., and the constitutional thaler of 1818,
with the reverse exhibiting on a block of granite the words
Charta ]\Iagna Bavaria. The Virgin and Child type on the
reverse of several of the earlier thalers may have been borrowed
from Hungary. Some of the gold money of
1
Maximilian
(1848-64) was from the Hartz ore (Ex Auro Rheni.\
and presents a view of Munich on the reverse.
Of the copper money
little is to be said : that of the
duchy and kingdom belongs to the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries only but
; Wiirzburg, Augsburgh, Baireuth, and the
Fugger family struck hellers and kreutzers in the seventeenth,
some in connection with the Thirty Years' War.
There was a sparing and shy resort to this metal characteristic
of a majority of the German Powers in early times.
The uniface pieces, which we encounter between 1621 and
1623, are to be regarded as money of necessity.
The several independent coinages within the Bavarian
territory emulated that of the electorate in importance of
character and beauty of workmanship. We have before
us two rare pieces connected with Ratisbon :
(i) a ^ thaler
of Joseph II. struck here in 1774, vitd matris, with his
portrait on obverse, and the cross-keys on the reverse with
the readings Non Dormit Custos, and Mon. Reip. Ratisp.
xx. Eine F. Mark, 1774; (2) a thaler of the see with the
shields of the bishops encircling the papal type of St. Peter
1
In the Dillon Catalogue, 1892, No. 834, the piece of John of Leyden,
King of Munich, is almost certainly a medal.