W. C a r e w H a z l i t t Coinage of the European Continent

194 The Coins of Europe
Denarius, a name found on the silver pieces of Boleslav III. of
Poland, 1102-39, and on some of those of Orange, I2th-I3th c., corresponding
to the French denier. It is also a term used in a generic sense
on a silver piece of 30 stufer of Batenborg, i6th c. The obv. reads
Dene? NOTJVS D. Batenb .
Triginta Stvfer. It is described in the Reinmann
Cat., 1891-92, Part ii.
4966, as a thaler. Probably denarius was
understood in the Netherlands and the German-speaking countries as the
name of the French denier. A double denarius of Orange (Raymond III.
or IV., 1314-93) reads : R. Dei. Gra. Princps., and on rev. Ai>r\isci\
Du\_plex~\ D\enarius\ III. G\rana\ XX. These pieces weigh in fact 23
grains.
Denga (token), a small amorphous billon coin of the Dukes of Kief,
Vladimir, and Muscovy, struck as early as the I5th c., if not before, at
Kief and Novgorod, subsequently at Moscow down to 1704 or later and
;
in copper, of a regular and larger module = \ kopeck piece. It is no
longer current.
Denier, denarius, danaro, dinheiro, dinero, dinar, etc., a silver billon
and copper denomination current throughout Europe in and after the
Middle Ages. It was an inheritance, and generally a declension, from
the Roman coin. The Carlovingian deniers, even before the reform of
the system under Charlemagne, were of good standard and workmanship,
Early denier of Charlemagne.
and so continued till the close of the 9th c. Schulman, iv. 399, cites a
grand denier of Charles le Chauve struck for Luxemburgh. The French
denier tournois in copper first appeared under Henry III. (1574-89), and
was = \ Hard or double. As the value differed in various localities, the
French acquired the habit, as with the Hard, of distinguishing their issues
as Denier de France. Pieces of 3, 6, and 12 d. were struck from the time
of Louis XIV. to the Revolution, but the weight was apt to fluctuate. In
Lorraine, under Leopold I., 1690-1729, appeared billon pieces of 12, 15, 30,
and 60 d. In Metz the denomination was equally adopted ;
and there
is a billon piece of early date called Quartus Denar. In Brunswick-
Liineburgwe meet with a minute variety so termed, and said to be = I3th
part of a mattier. The Strasburgh thaler contained 144 d.
*Denushka, or Dengop. Russian copper, the half kopeck.
Diamante, a silver type of Alfonso II., Duke of Ferrara, 1559-97,
deriving its name from the diamond ring enclosing a flower on obv.
There seems no reason for ascribing this name to the St. George type
of the grosso of Ercole I., 1471-1505.
Dicken, a Swiss silver coin of the ijjth, i6th, and I7th c., the fourth
of a thaler. Perhaps so termed from its thicker fabric in comparison
with other pieces. There is the half. A dicken of Berne, 1492, is the
earliest which we have hitherto noticed. The type was imitated in the
Netherlands.