NAVMED P-5010-8 - Navy Medicine - U.S. Navy
NAVMED P-5010-8 - Navy Medicine - U.S. Navy
NAVMED P-5010-8 - Navy Medicine - U.S. Navy
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8-46 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-47<br />
the blisters with a sterile hypodermic needle,<br />
followed by application of magnesium sulfate<br />
compresses, and careful disinfection of the blisters<br />
to prevent secondary infection. Anaphylactic<br />
shock is treated by use of a tourniquet and subcutaneous<br />
injections of epinephrine. Allergic reactions<br />
are treated symptomatically with antihistaminic,<br />
adrenergic, spasmolytic, and anticholinergic<br />
drugs.<br />
f. Prevention of Envenomization. Prevention<br />
of envenomization differs with the species<br />
of arthropod involved. The best technique is education,<br />
especially of children, to avoid venomous<br />
forms. The information given should be pertinent<br />
to the biology of the venomous species. For<br />
example, individuals hypersensitive to stinging<br />
Hymenoptera should wear light colored, smooth<br />
fabrics, and avoid leather or suede. It is advisable<br />
to keep hair covered, avoid scented cosmetics,<br />
stand still when approached by bees, wasps, or<br />
hornets, and confine outdoor activity as much as<br />
possible to times when temperatures are below<br />
15.6 degrees C. (60 degrees F.).<br />
g. Control of Venomous Arthropods.<br />
Specific residual insecticides are recommended for<br />
control of venomous arthropods. However, control<br />
of infestations of venomous species frequently<br />
requires special considerations because of their<br />
diverse nesting habits. Consequently, it is recommended<br />
that the area entomologist be consulted<br />
when control measures are being considered.<br />
8-47. Use of Repellents<br />
a. Purposes. Most repellents act as contact<br />
materials, keeping insects from biting when<br />
they touch the protective chemical with their<br />
mouthparts or feet. Some repellents may be<br />
sufficiently volatile so that insects refrain from<br />
coming close to the treated surface. Repellents<br />
may be used as undiluted liquid concentrates or<br />
formulated as solutions, emulsions, creams,<br />
lotions, powders, solid stick forms, or aerosols.<br />
Repellents offer protection from bites of mosquitoes,<br />
blackflies, biting gnats, biting midges,<br />
and fleas and may provide some protection against<br />
ticks, larval and adult mites. Repellents are<br />
designed primarily to repel biting insects and are<br />
not generally effective against the venomous<br />
arthropods.<br />
b. Protection Time. The period of effectiveness<br />
of repellents varies with environmental<br />
conditions, concentration of the active ingredient,<br />
arthropod species, and activity of the treated person.<br />
Repellents are removed from the skin by<br />
absorption, evaporation, abrasion and dilution by<br />
perspiration. Consequently, the period of effectiveness<br />
is considerably reduced through strenuous<br />
activity, especially in warm humid weather.<br />
Clothing repellents may remain effective for<br />
several weeks depending on leaching due to washing,<br />
dry cleaning, rainfall, and perspiration among<br />
other factors.<br />
c. Personal Application Repellents<br />
(1) Lotion. Insect repellent, Personal<br />
Application, 3M, NSN 6840-00-284-3982. This<br />
repellent is packaged in 2 oz. tubes and contains<br />
33 percent DEET. This lotion may damage lacquer,<br />
paint, and some plastics. A small quantity is<br />
squeezed from the tube into the palm of the hand.<br />
The palms of the hands are rubbed lightly together<br />
with a washing motion and rubbing then covers<br />
the arms. If long-sleeved shirts are worn, the<br />
repellent should be applied to the underside of the<br />
arms and under the cuff. Additional repellent is<br />
then placed into the palm and the procedure is repeated,<br />
carefully applying repellent to the exposed<br />
areas of the body. The repellent will cause a<br />
burning/drying sensation if allowed to contact<br />
mucous membranes; consequently, repellents<br />
should not be applied near the eyes or the lips.<br />
Continued exposure of repellents in the folds of<br />
the axilla, elbow, and knee will often produce<br />
dermal irritation in hot, humid conditions. The<br />
back of the neck, ears, and the hairline should be<br />
coated carefully. It is important that if a shirt is<br />
being worn, that the repellent be especially applied<br />
to the neck under the collar and particularly low<br />
on the neck if a collar is lacking. Any dermal area<br />
9 Nov 2004<br />
8-59