NAVMED P-5010-8 - Navy Medicine - U.S. Navy

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8-11 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-11 water. Suspensions must be used with machines that provide constant agitation. Suspensions dispersed by a portable compressed sprayer also require frequent agitation. Suspensions are employed as foliage/grass sprays for application against turf pests as residuals against some stored products pests and for interior residuals in malaria control programs. (4) Dusts. A “Dust” pesticide formulation is a mixture of a toxicant plus an inert base usually consisting of a finely ground form of bentonite, pyrophyllite, or talc. These mixtures are used as indoor and outdoor residuals and for animal applications. (5) Granules/Pellets. Granules or pellets are preparations of pesticide impregnated into particles of highly absorptive clays and earths, which are graded by sizes ranging from coarse pebble-like pellets to those with a consistency of fine sand. Granules and pellets with greater particle weight have a minimized drift, thus, preventing undesirable contamination of areas bordering those being treated. The most useful size range is from 15 to 40 mesh. An important use of granules for vector control is in mosquito larviciding where penetration of foliage and adequate deposit in water is desired. Large turbine-type dusters, backpack units, hand-carried dust dispensers and portable seeders can apply granules. Special aerial dispersal units may also be employed for large area treatment. (6) Other Pesticides. This miscellaneous grouping includes the application of pesticides by brush or roller, as a paste, grease, or cream, or as solid formulations, which vaporize slowly in air. Some solid formulations of pesticide compounds are used as baits. c. Additives. Pesticide additives are materials that enhance the effectiveness of basic toxicant chemicals by altering their physical or chemical characteristics. The manufacturer usually adds some additives, such as solvents and emulsifiers, to the basic active ingredient at the time of production. Pest control personnel before application of the pesticide may add other additives, such as adhesives and diluents, to the formulation. Commonly used pesticide additives are: (1) Adhesive (sticker). Material used to cause pesticide adherence to a surface such as a plant leaf. (2) Attractant. Substance used to attract pests to pesticides or traps. (3) Diluent, Carrier. Dry or liquid material added to a pesticide to facilitate formulation and/or distribution. (4) Emulsifier. Material added to a pesticide formulation to produce an emulsion when the carrier solution is added. Some pesticide concentrates contain emulsifiers so that only the addition of water is needed. (5) Fluidizer. Material used with dust; a formulation to prevent caking and permit the dust to flow easily during application. (6) Masking agent, Deodorant, Perfume. Material used to remove or mask any unpleasant odor of a pesticide. (7) Solvent. Material used to dissolve a pesticide for the preparation of a liquid formulation. (8) Spreader, Wetting Agent. Material, which reduces surface tension and, thereby, enhances spread of a solution or emulsion over a surface. (9) Synergist. Material which, when added to a pesticide, increases the effectiveness of that pesticide. A pesticide with a synergist has a sum total effect greater than that of the pesticide or synergist alone. 8-10 9 Nov 2004
8-11 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-12 d. Pesticide Dispersal. After the desired formulations have been selected, prepared, and procured, they may be dispersed in the following forms: (1) Gases and Vapors. The dispersal of gases and vapors is termed fumigation. They must be handled with great care and only under direct supervision of specially trained and certified personnel. Gases and vapors are able to penetrate packaged commodities, clothing and structures, which are inaccessible to treatment by other dispersal methods. Because they lack residual properties, fumigants are used when other formulations are ineffective or because of penetration requirements. However, because of their physical properties, fumigants can be used only in airtight spaces, which prevent dissipation. One type of fumigation, known as "vaporization," is accomplished by the use of solids such as paradichlorobenzene (PDB), which at room temperatures, passes from a solid directly into a vapor (sublimation). (2) Aerosols. Aerosols are defined as a suspension of liquid or solid particles in air where the particle size generally ranges from 0.1 to 50 microns in diameter with 80% of the particles in the 0.1 to 30 micron range. Liquid particles make up a fog and solid particles form a smoke. Insecticide aerosols are frequently dispensed from hand held pressurized containers or larger ultra low volume (ULV) dispersal equipment. (3) Mists. Mists are dispersed particles in which the particles are intermediate in size between those of aerosols and fine sprays. Droplets in the 50 to 100 micron size range are considered to be mists. They are less effective than aerosols for outside space treatment, but they are adaptable for larviciding in areas accessible to vehicles and for large scale residual spraying of vegetation. Because of their larger size, mists can be used under a wider range of weather conditions than can aerosols, and their residual effect is greater. (4) Sprays. (The most commonly used formulation.) (a) Fine sprays. Fine spray droplets are considered to be from 100 to 400 microns in diameter. Droplets within this range remain airborne short periods of time and settle rapidly. Sprays of this type are frequently used as mosquito larvicides and for residuals. (b) Coarse sprays. These sprays consist of droplets over 400 microns in diameter and are applied evenly to wet a surface. Coarse sprays are frequently employed when using herbicides and when applying heavy residuals of insecticide to fly breeding areas. 8-12. Application of Pesticides a. Effects of Particle Size. Efficient application of pesticides requires the dispersal of the proper particle size for the type of application desired. The residual quality of many insecticides makes it possible to kill by contact long after the material has been applied to walls, vegetation or other insect resting places. In order to take full advantage of the residual characteristics of a pesticide, it should be applied only in the form of a coarse spray or dust. By contrast, efficient use of space sprays calls for their dispersal in much smaller particles. Coarse sprays are inefficient aerosols because the fewer number of droplets decreases the chances of target contact. Those particles, which do contact the target, may contain many times the amount of insecticide needed to affect a kill. Large particles fall to the ground while small particles may remain airborne for extended periods of time, providing more opportunity to contact targets. In this respect there is also a disadvantage in that unfavorable air current or high wind velocity may cause rapid dispersal of the droplets into the atmosphere, and the small insecticide particles may be transported to non-target areas. Under favorable conditions, aerosols or fogs are quite efficient for killing insects or other arthropods by means of space treatment. 9 Nov 2004 8-11
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NAVMED P-5010-8 - Navy Medicine - U.S. Navy

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