A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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3 METHOLOGICAL APPROACH AND EQUIPMENT The close-range photogrammetric survey was performed with an UAV multirotor platform, assembled with OEM electronic components by Mikrokopter HiSystems GmbH. This platform is equipped with a Canon5D Mark II digital SLR camera and linked to a Ground Station control unit. For the acquisition of ground control points have been used a Topcon real-time kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (Tab. 1). This UAV photogrammetry system has been used to solve the problem of surveying the dangerous abandoned mining areas and to create surface models (DSMs) correctly interpolated, especially in areas of high steepness (vertical walls), and at risk of collapse. The DSMs were taken at different consistent resolutions using mainly two fixed focal lengths: 20mm and 35mm. These DSMs have been used as a basis to correlate the morphological characteristics of the site and the changes taking place, in order to understand the origin of the process of accelerated erosion and the consequent development of the network of surface runoff. Recently, several studies have shown that there is a close relationship between the resolution of the DEMs and the dimension of hydraulic model grid size (Claessens et al. 2005). With a ground sample resolution 1 m). Table 1. Equipment for aerial and terrestrial survey and data acquisition. The UAV system - Mikrokopter OEM HiSystems GmbH Positioning: Standalone GPS LEA-6S U-BLOX (accuracy 2.5 m) Diameter: 1 m - Net weight: 2000 g Power supply: Lithium-Polymer Accumulator (2 x 5000 mAh, 14.8 V) Take-off weight: 1600 g (with camera Canon Mark II 5D) Flight parameters radius and altitude: max 200 m – max 80 m Flight time: 10 min (with camera Canon Mark II 5D with fixed lenses) Number of mission (waypoints): 1 (9), 2 (55), 3 (19), 4 (40) The Camera system - Canon 5d Mark II Camera type: Full Frame (35.8x23.9 mm) CMOS Resolution sensor: 21 Mpixel CCD matrix - 5616 x 3744 – Raw16 bit Fixed lense: 20 mm - 50 mm precalibrated (Focal length (f x , f y), Principal point (c x , c y), K1, K2, K3, P1, P2) RMSE Calibration: 0.091 pix Stereo photos acquired in total aerial session: 284 Overlap and Sidelap: >70% - >50% The GPS system - Topcon RTK-GPS Real-Time receiver Antenna: Legant GGD – Center of phase zero Receiver: Legacy-H GD 40 L1 GPS Datum and coordinates: WGS 84 – Geographic UTM-WGS 84 Number of Satellites: 5-9 – 15 degree angle of visibility GPS points and GCP acquired in topography survey: 54 – 12 RMSE < 2 cm 86
23 rd During our investigation we have planned the flights of different sectors according to their geolithological, geomorphological and vegetation coverage characteristics. For each sector have been defined the single different consistent resolutions needed for the elaboration of the DEM of the fronts, the quarry lay, the landfills, the derbies accumulations and for the over-flow furrows. This area of interest (AOI) investigated includes a front of about 215 m long with an average height of 15m, which defines a quarry area of about 9.361 square meters. The quarry lay morphologically consists of several levels resulting in both phases of mineral extraction and different sizes sterile materials accumulation. Inside this quarry there are different degradation processes like collapses from vertical walls, diffuse runoff, accelerated and differential erosion. These problems are particularly acute in the northern portion of the quarry lay, where the action of the water has given rise to deep furrows, gradually conveying the surficial runoff materials to the Rio S'Alluminu. The photogrammetric survey of this area has been developed in three steps. The first step is the camera calibration performed in bundle adjustment, with the set of fixed focal length lenses to be used, and correcting. The second step is the planning of the very first flight, used for the construction of an orthophoto of the AOI. The orthophoto was generated using as a basis a network of GPS points, geo-tagged with the UAV-GPS flight log (latitude, longitude and elevation). This flight was performed at the altitude of 80m usith fixed focal length of 20mm, in order to garantee a fast coverage of the area. The orthophoto was finally imported in the dedicated software “MikroKopterTool” (by Mikrokopter) as a base to accurately planning (in terms of flight altitudes and a safe distance from the walls the next photogrammetric flight). The different altitudes of the acquisition flights (from 5 to 50m) have been established taking into account the ground sample distance (GSD) needed (0.02 to 0.06 m/pix) in relation to the fixes focal lenses of 35 and 50mm used. After the definition of these parameters the flyght was planned by waypoints, according to the photogrammetry rules: longitudinal overlap >70% and cross-overlap >=50% (Fig. 3). The flight planning is a very important phase, especially when the surfaces that have to be reproduced, as in our case, show different material characteristics, strong steepness and different exposition to the incident light. The flights were performed at various distances from the surface, taking always convergent photos. Any combination of photographs, whether in stereo pairs, stereo triples, strips, sub-blocks or blocks, is handled by forming the set of observation. In addition, the UAV platform used allowed to replace the traditional photo capture from the ground, performing some very lowaltitude flights (5m) with GPS flight log. The total number of photos captured is 284. The third step of our work has been the use of the Topcon RTK-GPS receiver for collecting GCPs field data points with an accuracy of RMSE measurements
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Chapter - A OPEN PIT MINING
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23 rd Electric Drive Mining Class
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23 rd change out at defined interv
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23 rd D f = Fuel Density A typical
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23 rd Gold-Mining and Ornamental S
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23 rd greywackes and conglomerates
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23 rd petrographic assemblages are
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23 rd two main pudding layers met
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Page 135 and 136: 23 rd 6 THE HIERARCHICAL PREFERENC
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23 rd ranking place Truck & Shovel
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23 rd Noguchi H., Ogawa M., Ishii
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23 rd An Approach to Determine the
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23 rd material to the nearby dumps
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23 rd network and allocating spoke
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23 rd IPC unit, but this is not wi
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23 rd REFERENCES Alumur, S. A., &
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23 rd In - Pit Crushing and Convey
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23 rd According to Lopes, the bigg
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23 rd trucks because the conveyor
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23 rd Identification of Causal Rel
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23 rd Table 1. Geotechnical charac
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23 rd 3.7 Results and Discussion T
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23 rd Using Satellite Images (ASTE
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23 rd largely covered by Quaternar
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23 rd this figure, the lithology u
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23 rd Figure 6. ASTER satellite im
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23 rd mineralization in the sanand
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23 rd Gas Pollutants and Dust of T
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23 rd Figure 2. Truck transport th
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23 rd Table 4. Determined values o
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23 rd 4 DISCUSSION The results of
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23 rd Surface Mining Statistics in
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23 rd Dinogetia (Garvan). The chal
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23 rd Table 1. The surface mining
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23 rd pits along the Crisu Negru,
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23 rd Voda, Nisipari, Rasova, Sili
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23 rd 5.2 Magmatic rocks exploitat
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23 rd mountains) and north Dobroge
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23 rd Ponor quarry), sulphur (Nego
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A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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