A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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A. Wood hydraulics, couplings and gear units to the diesel engine. 1.2 Electric Drive Wheel Loaders Electric Drive Wheel loaders are found in high production mining applications, mainly as primary loading tools. The size and class of this type of wheel loader starts at Joy Global LeTourneau L-950, (25 Tonne payload), and ranges up to the L-2350 (72 Tonne payload), which is twice the capacity of the largest mechanical wheel loader, and has comparative payload to 40m³ hydraulic shovels, (PC8000, EX8000 class). (Fleet, 2012) Figure 3. LeTourneau L-2350 Electric Drive 72 Tonne Wheel Loader. 1.2.1 Design Features The most significant design feature of electric drive wheel loaders is electric power regeneration, which is captured and fully reutilized. (Fleet, 2012) The main drive diesel engine is coupled directly to a generator, which provides the electric power to operate the loader. Each wheel is mounted on an individual wheel driver assembly, consisting of a planetary transmission and electric motor. The loading cycle consists of propel to bank, dig, reverse propel, propel to truck or hopper, dump, and propel back to start of cycle. At each point in propel, the loader consumes fuel on acceleration, and at steady state. However, on deceleration, which is done through electromagnetic braking, the wheel motors are used as generators, which feed power back to the power control system. Figure 4. Electric Drive Wheel Loader Layout. This regenerated power is used to drive the generator, which is directly coupled to both the diesel engine and the main hydraulic system. As the regenerated power drives the generator, there is no load on the diesel engine, and fuel supply is cut off. This is the basic design feature which significantly reduces fuel consumption of this type of loading tool. Electromagnetic primary braking reduces maintenance time and replacement costs associated with mechanical disc brakes. As the wheel loader has independent four wheel drive, power and speed are controlled to each wheel, which allows power to be reduced to any individual wheel which starts to slip, regaining traction. This prolongs tire life through reduced wheel spin, and through correct individual wheel speed when turning. (Fleet, 2012) An electric drive wheel loader can continue to perform its function if one of the wheel motors fails, allowing for reduced, but continued production, and the ability to propel back to the maintenance location, under its own power, when replacement is ready. This system has stepless forward and reverse propel, negating any need for standard mechanical drive train. Fewer mechanical parts allows for less maintenance and higher availability than mechanical based systems. This also allows for significantly less consumption of lubrication fluids, making it an altogether more environmentally friendly tool. Electric motors are brushless DC, requiring no maintenance, other than bearing 4
23 rd change out at defined intervals, and operate on the switched reluctance principle. Wheel loaders do not require ancillary floor clean up equipment, as they can perform this exercise themselves. (Ozdogan, 2012) 2 PRODUCTIVITY Wheel loaders are highly flexible tools, allowing for the quickest relocation. They can be the first loading tool to the digging face after a blast, ensuring quickest restart of production, and can be quickly deployed to alternate selective and material blending requirement locations. Standard track mounted production tools such as Rope Shovels and Hydraulic excavators, have a revolving upper structure, and only require relocation when the material to be excavated is out of reach. This typically leads to sub thirty second load cycles for smaller class equipment and sub thirty five second cycles for larger equipment. Wheel loader performance relies more on operators to minimize travel distances. (Fleet, 2012). Well trained operators can achieve thirty second load cycles on wheel loaders, with a more typical figure for electric drive wheel loaders of thirty five to forty seconds, and a few seconds longer for mechanical drive wheel loaders in the same application, due to mechanical performance. (Klink 2012) Rope Shovels and Hydraulic excavators have more digging power than wheel loaders due to their weight and design. Each equipment type has its suitable application. In adequately blasted, or free digging applications, electric drive wheel loaders can offer competing productivity, at lower total cost than diesel powered hydraulic excavators, by using a larger capacity wheel loader to make up the productivity gains lost by cycle time. (Anon, 2011) Example 1. Productivity 15m³ Hydraulic excavator – 27 Tonne 91 Tonne payload truck 3600 Seconds in one hour 90% Operator Efficiency Equation 1. Loading cycles N = Number of Loading Cycles P t = Truck payload (Tonne) P = Wheel Loader payload (Tonne) Equation 2. Time to load truck T = Time to load truck (Sec) T c = Time for individual load cycle (Sec) T s = Time for truck spotting (Sec) Equation 3. Trucks Loaded Per Hour N h = Number of trucks loaded in one hour S h = Seconds in one hour O e = operator Efficiency Equation 4. Hourly Production P hr = Hourly productivity (Tonne) Example 2 Productivity 19m³ Electric drive wheel loader 34.5 Tonne wheel loader payload 5
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analisys degradation and erosion ri
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3 METHOLOGICAL APPROACH AND EQUIPME
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Figure 3. The UAV multirotor platfo
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Table 2. Final results of data proc
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23 rd Ultimate Pit Limit Design on
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23 rd Figure 1 shows the procedure
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23 rd Figure 4. UPL of the sample
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23 rd Efficient Real Time Stabilit
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23 rd stripping ratio of 2.28:1 to
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23 rd The broad area coverage make
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23 rd 4 FINAL REMARKS Slope monito
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23 rd A Genetic Algorithm for Pit
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23 rd every ore block and searches
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23 rd BS. The mathematical model o
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23 rd producing the new vector x i
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. 23 rd Figure 6. Ultimate pit lim
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23 rd Selecting the Suitable Haula
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23 rd Environment Economy Society
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23 rd shape and depth of deposit,
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23 rd 6 THE HIERARCHICAL PREFERENC
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23 rd ranking place Truck & Shovel
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23 rd Noguchi H., Ogawa M., Ishii
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23 rd An Approach to Determine the
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23 rd material to the nearby dumps
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23 rd network and allocating spoke
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23 rd IPC unit, but this is not wi
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23 rd REFERENCES Alumur, S. A., &
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23 rd In - Pit Crushing and Convey
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23 rd Identification of Causal Rel
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23 rd Table 1. Geotechnical charac
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23 rd 3.7 Results and Discussion T
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23 rd Using Satellite Images (ASTE
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23 rd Gas Pollutants and Dust of T
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23 rd Figure 2. Truck transport th
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23 rd Table 4. Determined values o
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23 rd 4 DISCUSSION The results of
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23 rd Surface Mining Statistics in
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23 rd Dinogetia (Garvan). The chal
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23 rd Table 1. The surface mining
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23 rd pits along the Crisu Negru,
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23 rd Voda, Nisipari, Rasova, Sili
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A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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