A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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4.1.13 Loess exploitation Figure 10. Allocation of sandstone and conglomerate quarries on geostructural units (1=Apuseni Mountains; 2=Eastern Carpathians; 3= North-Dobrogean Structogen; 4=Central Dobrogean Massif; 5 = South-Dobrogean Platform). 5.1.10 Marl exploitation The marl was extracted in 24 quarries from 12 counties: Bihor (Alesd, Hotar, Fisca quarries), Botosani (Stefanesti), Brasov (Tarlungeni), Cluj (Sandulesti), Dambovita (Crevedia, Malu Rosu, Scaiosi, Muchea Alba), Maramures (Poiana Botizei, Botiza), Harghita (Bradesti, Lueta), Hunedoara (Hotar, Prisloape), Mehedinti (Carabasita, Gura Vaii, Varciorova), Neamt (Cisirig, Ciritei, Tepeseni), Prahova (Gura Beliei), Sibiu (Dealul Daii). 5.1.11 Conglomerate exploitation 17 conglomerate quarries were registred in Arad (Siria, Padurea Neagra, Mezeriu quarries), Bistrita Nasaud (Ciceu), Brasov (Vlades, Dealul Alb, Talineu), Caras Severin (Iablanita), Constanta (Sibioara), Prahova (Predeal), Salaj (Fundu Luncii, Zalau), Suceava (Magura I-II, Muncelu) and Tulcea (Baia, Blasova) counties. 5.1.12 Chalk exploitation From the Roman period to present, the chalk was extracted only in Constanta county. Was identified 12 quarries (Murfatlar I-V, Cainac I-II, Basarabi, Valea Seaca, Cuciuc, Cuciuc Murvat, Calea Omurcea) but dubtlessly their number is bigger. In the east and south areas of the Romania the dust sediments from Pleistocene epoch (Quaternary period) had generated loess and loessoid deposits. In some counties, the loess was extracted: Bacau (Calugara, Magura quarries), Constanta (Cobadin, Mamaia Sat, Siminoc, Medgidia I-II), Ialomita (Fierbinti, Slobozia, Tandarei, Urziceni I-II), Ilfov (Buftea), Teleorman (Alexandria) and Bucharest. 5.1.14 Travertine exploitation In Quaternary (at the limit of the upper Pleistocene-holocene epochs) period, from underground warm solutions were generated, at the surface of the ground, in some areas, travertine deposits. The travertine occurrences are located in Hunedoara county (Banpotoc, Carpinis, Geoagiu, Rapolt deposits) and Harghita county (Boresec deposit) (Marinescu et al., 2005 b). They had been extracted in 21 quarries from Mehedinti (Breznita Roman quarry), Harghita (Borsec I-III), Hunedoara (Banpotoc I-III, Banpotoc – Carpinis I-IX, Geoagiu I-II, Rapoltu Mic, Carpinis I-II) countries. 5.1.15 Other sedimentary rocks exploitation The most important diatomite deposits from Romania are in Arad, Buzau, Constanta and Covasna counties (Brana et al., 1986). Identified diatomite quarries there are in Arad, Buzau, Constanta and Covasna counties. From Roman period to present, calcareous tuff quarries are known in Bihor, Caras Severin and Hunedoara counties. The slate was extracted in Arad, Mehedinti and Tulcea counties. The marl-limestone was exploited in Mehedinti and the clay schist in Caras Severin counties (Parvu et al., 1977). 204
23 rd 5.2 Magmatic rocks exploitation 5.2.1 Andesite exploitation The common andesite exists in the Apuseni Mountains, Eastern Carpathians (Oas, Gutai, Tibles, Rodna, Bargau, Calimani, Gurghiu, Harghita mountains) and in South Carpathians (Parvu et al., 1977). The distribution of the andesite quarries on geostructural units is shown in figure 11. Figure 11. Andesite quarries allocate on geostructural units (1=Eastern Carpathians; 2=Apuseni Mountains; 3=Southern Carpathians). This rock was exploited in 233 quarries from 14 counties: Alba, Arad, Bihor, Bistrita Nasaud, Brasov, Caras Severin, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Maramures, Mures, Satu Mare, Suceava. Ornamental andesite quarries exists in many locations but the demand was not very high on time and the surface exploitations were existing only in Cluj (Bologa) and Hunedoara (Dealul Magura, Pietroasa) counties. 5.2.2 Tuff exploitation In Romania exist many magmatic tuff levels and sorts. Some of they (dacite tuff, andesite tuff, basalt tuff) were extracted (see fig. 12). Figure 12. Tuff sorts exploited in quarries (1=dacitic tuff; 2 = andesite tuff; 3= basalt tuff). 60 Dacite tuff quarries are known in Alba, Arad, Arges, Brasov, Cluj, Maramures, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare and Valcea counties. Other exploited tuffs are andesite tuff, exploited in Arad (Calvaria), Caras Severin (Glamboca), Harghita (Lazaresti) and Hunedoara (Deva, Bacia) counties and basalt tuff, extracted in Brasov (Comana de Sus, Mateias), Covasna (Malnas Bai), Hunedoara (Birtin) counties. 5.2.3 Granite exploitation Granite deposits are very numerous in Romania. They exist in the Apuseni Mountains, South Carpathians and North- Dobrogean Structogen (Parvu et al., 1977). 58 Common granite quarries were registered in Arad, Caras Severin, Cluj, Gorj, Hunedoara, Mehedinti, Satu Mare and Tulcea counties. Were identified only two ornamental granite quaries, in Tulcea counties: Dealul Serparu and Greci. 5.2.4 Dacite exploitation The dacite was described for the first time as a volcanic rock type in Romania at Poieni, which is the “locus tipicus”. It widespread in the territory of the Romanian Carpathians but for economic purposes there are only three main zones: Vladeasa Massif (Apuseni Mountains), Rodna Mountains (Eastern Carpathian) and western part of the Southern Carpathians (Marinescu et al., 2003). The dacite was intense extracted in 47 quarries from Alba, Bistrita Nasaud, Cluj, Hunedoara, Maramures and Salaj counties. 205
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Chapter - A OPEN PIT MINING
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23 rd Electric Drive Mining Class
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23 rd change out at defined interv
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23 rd D f = Fuel Density A typical
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23 rd Gold-Mining and Ornamental S
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analisys degradation and erosion ri
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3 METHOLOGICAL APPROACH AND EQUIPME
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Figure 3. The UAV multirotor platfo
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Table 2. Final results of data proc
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23 rd Ultimate Pit Limit Design on
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23 rd Figure 4. UPL of the sample
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23 rd Efficient Real Time Stabilit
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23 rd 4 FINAL REMARKS Slope monito
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23 rd A Genetic Algorithm for Pit
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23 rd every ore block and searches
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23 rd BS. The mathematical model o
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. 23 rd Figure 6. Ultimate pit lim
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23 rd Selecting the Suitable Haula
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23 rd Environment Economy Society
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23 rd shape and depth of deposit,
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23 rd 6 THE HIERARCHICAL PREFERENC
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23 rd Noguchi H., Ogawa M., Ishii
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23 rd An Approach to Determine the
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23 rd material to the nearby dumps
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23 rd REFERENCES Alumur, S. A., &
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A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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