A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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5.1.4 Sandstone exploitation Common sandstone in 213 quarries from 31 counties were extracted. In the north of the country (Satu Mare, Maramures, Suceava, Botosani counties) 23, in center (Bistrita Nasaud, Salaj, Cluj, Harghita, Covasna, Brasov, Sibiu and Alba) 72, in vest (Bihor, Arad, Hunedoara, Caras Severin) 22, in east (Iasi, Neamt, Vaslui, Bacau, Vrancea, Tulcea, Constanta) 68 and south (Mehedinti, Valcea, Prahova, Arges, Dambovita, Buzau) 27 quarries where registred. Ornamental sandstone only at Baschioi, in Tulcea county, was exploited. 5.1.5 Sand exploitation 172 open pits and quarries in 33 counties and Bucharest, had exploited sand. The distribution of the sand surface exploitation on quarries and open pits can be observed in Figure 7. Remaining 1/3 from sand surface exploitation was quarries and they had extracted the output from sandy geological formations. In the north of the country (Satu Mare, Maramures, Botosani counties) 9, in center (Salaj, Cluj, Covasna, Sibiu and Alba) 19, in vest (Hunedoara, Caras Severin, Timis) 10, in east (only Tulcea and Constanta) 17 and south (Mehedinti, Gorj, Dolj, Valcea) 5 quarries where registred. 5.1.6 Gravel exploitation 127 gravel open pits (fig. 8) and quarries was registered in 25 counties: Alba, Arad, Bihor, Brasov, Buzau, Caras Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Harghita, Hunedoara, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Timis, Valcea and Vaslui. 109 open pits had extracted gravel along the following many rivers: Mures, Teius, Ampoi, Crisul Alb, Crisul Negru, Crisul Repede, Beretau, Teuz, Tarlung, Ghimbav, Olt, Buzau, Ramnic, Cerna, Mraconia, Somesul Mic, Ruda, Tarnava Mare, Geoagiu, Siret, Somes, Viseu, Iza, Tarnava Mica, Moldova, Prahova, Teleajan, Varbilau, Somes, Artibaciu, Sadu, Hanfta, Suceava, Moldova, Timis, Topologu. Other 18 quarries had extracted the gravel in Alba (Aiud, Mihacea quarries), Constanta (Aliman, Gherghina, Medgidia, Mircea Figure 7. Allocation of sand surface exploitations on quarries and open pits (1=quarries; 2=open pits). Approximate 2/3 from sand surface exploitation was open pits and they had worked in 31 counties and Bucharest. They had exploited the sand along the Suceava, Somes, Somesul Mic, Tarnava Mare, Olt, Crisul Alb, Crisul Repede, Crisul Negru, Caras, Mures, Strei, Bega, Bahlui, Prut, Barlad, Siret, Cosustea, Motru, Gilort, Jiu, Amaradia, Olt, Ialomita, Teleajan, Buzau, Dambovita and Danube rivers and their tributaries. Figure 8. Allocation of gravel surface exploitations on quarries and open pits (1=quarries; 2=open pits). 202
23 rd Voda, Nisipari, Rasova, Silistea, Tortoman, Tepes Voda), Covasna (Olteni), Mehedinti (Mraconia), Mures (Sarateni, Sangiorgiu de Mures), Salaj (Jurca, Poptelec) and Sibiu (La Securea) counties. 5.1.7 Gypsum exploitation Romanian’s gypsum deposits are numerous and the discovered expectation is very large. Gypsum deposits were and can yet identified in the Transylvanian Depression, South Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians and in Moldavian Platform. The gypsum quarries was identified in 9 counties: Arges (Stanesti, Boteni, Dracesti and Dealul Cretisoara quarries), Bacau (Bogdanesti), Botosani (Crasnaleuca, Vararia, Ivancauti), Cluj (Dabagau, Cheile Turzii, Valea Fanului, Valea Foidasului, Aghiresu, Cheia, Leghia, Birtz, Moghioros, Dumbrava), Hunedoara (Romos, Vaidei, Rasca, Calanu Mic, Dealul Varului), Maramures (Dumbravita, Ocna Sugatag, Costeni), Prahova (Breaza, Cerasu, Batrani, Schiulesti, Piatra Verde, Valea Lespezi, Maneciu Ungureni), Dambovita (Pucioasa) and Salaj (Bocsa, Jebuc, Ciocmani, Coseiu, Galaseni, Petrindu, Piatra Alba, Treznea, Aghires, Ortelec). 5.1.8 Dolomite and dolomite-limestone exploitation These rocks, more dolomite-limestone and more slightly dolomite, were extracted in 46 identified quarries, from 11 counties: Arad, Caras Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Harghita, Hunedoara, Maramures, Sibiu, Suceava, Tulcea, Vrancea. They are present in the following geostructural units (fig. 9): Eastern Carpathians (Magureni I-III, Dascaleni, Pecistea I-II, Paraul Rau, Tarnita, Paraul Cailor, Boambele, Afinet, Frunzii, Batca Sarului, Poiana Cailor, Muncelu, Paraul Hamliul, Paraul Limpede, Carta, Lunca de Sus, Voslobeni, Delnita, Paraul Rece), Southern Carpathians (Pietrele Albe, Cumpana, Poiana Neamtului, Hunedoara, Teliucu Mic, Teliuc I-III, Craciuneasa, Zlasti, Bania, Tulea, Valea Cernei, Caprioara), Apuseni Mountains (Galsa and Surduc quarry), North-Dobrogean Structogen (Caeracul Mare Est, Imalac, Dealul Hartop, Uzum Bair, Tausan Tepe, Tackir Bair) and Central Dobrogean Massif (Ovidiu, Alvanesti). Figure 9. Allocation of dolomite and dolomite limestone quarries on geostructural units (1=Apuseni Mountains; 2=Eastern Carpathians; 3=Southern Carpathians; 4=North-Dobrogean Structogen; 5=Central Dobrogean Massif). 5.1.9 Sandstone and conglomerate exploitation 32 quarries had expoloited, together, sandstone and conglomerate in 11 counties: Alba, Arad, Bihor, Constanta, Harghita, Hunedoara, Cluj, Salaj, Suceava, Tulcea, Maramures. Theirs distribution on geostructural units (fig. 10) is following: Eastern Carpathians (Razoare, Magura, Muncelu, Pojorata, Lueta,), Apuseni Mountains (Sard, Milova, Odvos, Butan, Vintire, Coasta Morii, Huta, La Solomon, Magoaja, Osoiu, Reca Cristur, Ileanda, Zalau, Calacea, Ciumarna, Boiu, Bozes, Stanija, Bobalna, Poiana Aiudului), North- Dobrogean Structogen (Carmazui, Telita, Bucur, Denis, Nalbant) Central Dobrogean Massif (Hamangia) and South Dobrogean Platform (Pestera). 203
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Chapter - A OPEN PIT MINING
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23 rd Electric Drive Mining Class
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23 rd change out at defined interv
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23 rd D f = Fuel Density A typical
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23 rd Gold-Mining and Ornamental S
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23 rd greywackes and conglomerates
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analisys degradation and erosion ri
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3 METHOLOGICAL APPROACH AND EQUIPME
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Figure 3. The UAV multirotor platfo
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Table 2. Final results of data proc
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23 rd Ultimate Pit Limit Design on
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23 rd Figure 1 shows the procedure
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23 rd Figure 4. UPL of the sample
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23 rd Efficient Real Time Stabilit
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23 rd stripping ratio of 2.28:1 to
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23 rd The broad area coverage make
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23 rd 4 FINAL REMARKS Slope monito
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23 rd A Genetic Algorithm for Pit
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23 rd every ore block and searches
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23 rd BS. The mathematical model o
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23 rd producing the new vector x i
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. 23 rd Figure 6. Ultimate pit lim
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23 rd Selecting the Suitable Haula
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23 rd Environment Economy Society
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23 rd shape and depth of deposit,
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23 rd 6 THE HIERARCHICAL PREFERENC
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23 rd ranking place Truck & Shovel
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23 rd Noguchi H., Ogawa M., Ishii
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23 rd An Approach to Determine the
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23 rd REFERENCES Alumur, S. A., &
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A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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