A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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The limestone was extracted at Gura Vaii, in Neolithic times. Sand and gravel exploitation was at Ghioroc. Certainly, surface mining (in primitive manner) was practiced in more numerous, but unknown today sites [Marinescu et Bogatu, 2005], especially firestone and quartzite, on Dârjovului Valley, Oltului Valley, Dâmbovnicului Valley, Lupului Valley, Prutului Valley. 2.2 Mining Surface in the Antiquity In the Antique times, on present Romanian Territory was existed two state entities: Dacian Kingdom and Roman Empire. 2.2.1 Surface Mining in Dacian period Although the Dacian state was very large and well developed, it is known a very small number of certain surface exploitation: 7. The andesite was exploited at Uroi Hill (Simeria city) and Pietroasa Hill (Deva). With andesite from Pietroasa Hill was constructed the well known sanctuaries from the Sarmizegetusa Regia (Gradistea Muncel today) chapital [Boroneant, 2000]. The limestone surface mining is known in Magura Hill (on Streiului Valley), near Calan city and Ardeu (past quarry, near a Dacian stronghold partially destroyed of a modern quarry. The sand was extracted at Ghenetea. From river sands, in indeterminate points was extracted gold of very good quality [Marinescu et Bogatu, 2005]. At Bajan Hill (Deva) and Gradistea point (Santa Maria de Piatra, near Calan) the archaeologists had indicated two indeterminate rocks quarries from Dacian period but exploited and in Roman period [Boroneant, 2000]. Many Dacian surface mining had disappeared because the exploitation had continued in Roman times. 2.2.2 Surface mining in Roman period The culmination (surface exploitation number and exploited mineral substances number) of surface mining in old times was realised in Roman period. The number of identified quarries and open pits is 53. The limestone was exploited in 17 quarries: Magura Hill (Calan), Carpinis, Geoagiu, Pesteana, Strei (Calan), Valea Sangiorgiului (Calan), Ampoita, Ighiu, Albesti, Iablanita, Ruschita, Rusca Montana, Bahna, Gura Vaii I, Gura Vaii II, Varciorova, Dinogetia (Garvan). The marble big quantities was extracted at Paraului Vally (Cristur), Ruschita and Rusca Montana (possible and Bucova). Three andesite quarries are known at Petris-Uroi (Simeria city), Pietroasa Hill and Pietroasa 2 (the both near Deva city). The andesite from Petris-Uroi was used for builds and Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, Micia and other roman localities [Boroneant, 2000]. The sandstone was exploited at Petnic, Rusca Montana, Verendin; dacite at Creaca Ticlar and travertine at Breznita. Of course, the sand and gravel was extracted in many places but is known only Ghioroc open pit. The Romans had exploited iron ore in many Dacian mines. The places of surface mining (was and underground exploitations) are unknown today, except Teliucu Inferior. The gold was extracted in some quarries: – C . The Romans had obtaining gold, more pure and with more small costs, from alluviums in non-identified places on the rivers (and their affluents): Aries, Mures, Crisul Alb, Jiu, Olt, Caras, Nera [Marinescu et Bogatu, 2005]. From this period, the archaeologists indicated many indeterminate rocks quarries. 2.3 Mining Surface in the Middle Ages After the intense mineral substances exploitation in Roman period, in the first part of Medium Ages (migratory peoples period) was not existed a strog state and identified surface mining was at very low level. In the second part, the exploitation intensity will grow. In many Roman quarries the mineral substances exploitation had remained. The limestone was exploited in the quarries Ardeu, Ruschita, Rusca Montana, Malu Rosu, Jucu de Sus, Podeni, Sandulesti Nord, Gura Vaii, Ogradena Veche, 196
23 rd Dinogetia (Garvan). The chalk was extracted at Murtfatlar, marble at Ruschita and Rusca Montana, sandstone at Luncavita, Mehadica, Rusca Montana and Verendin. The calcareous tuff surface exploitations were cited at Toplet, Ilisova, Maceris, Svinita, Pescari and argillaceous schist at Rapa (Baile Herculane). Iron ore exploitation had remained at Teliucu Inferior. The identified quarries and open pits was upwards of 25. 2.4 Mining Surface in the Modern Age 3,386 of quarries and open pits, identified up to now, had extracted approximately 82 of mineral substances. Extracted metallic ores are: bauxite (101 quarries), iron ore (7), manganese ore (4), copper ore (4), goldsilver ore (2), and complex ore (2). Non-metallic mineral substance surface exploitation were very numerous (Marinescu et al., 2001; Marinescu et al., 2002; Marinescu, 2003): sand and gravel (787 open pits and quarries), limestone (555), andesite (232), sandstone (206), sand (171), gravel (127), marble (93), dacite tuff (60), granite (58), dacite (46), dolomite and dolomite-limestone (46), lignite (45), gypsum (44), basalt (41), infusible clay (39), sandstone and conglomerate (32), bentone and bentone tuff (26), marl (24), quartzite (24), green schist (23), granodiorite (21), rhyolite (20), travertine (20), diorite (18), conglomerate (17), gneiss (17), loess and loess clay (15), decorative limestone (14), colored earth (14), kaolin clay (13), micaschist (12), serpentine (12), perlite (11), diatomite (11), chalk (11), amphibolite (10), diabase (10), kaolin (8), pegmatite feldspar (8), barite (6), pegmatite mica (6), andesitic tuff (5), basaltic tuff (4), kaolin sand (4), slate (4), quartz (4), andesitic agglomerate (4), talc (4), gabbro (3), decorative andesite (3), calcareous tuff (3), syenite (2), firestone (2), basaltic scoria (2), alabaster (2), decorative granite (2), aragonite (2), dolerite (2), graphite (2), bentone clay (1), asbestos (1), calcite (1), celestite (1), decorative granodiorite (1), decorative sandstone (1), guano (1), marl-limestone (1), peridotite (1), magnesite rock (1), sulphur (1) trachyte (1). The extracted power substances were coal (48 quarries) and bituminous rocks (3). Today, the economic crisis had reduced drastic both surface exploitation number and exploited mineral substances number. 3 SURFACE <strong>MINING</strong> ON SUBSTANCES TYPES 3.1 Mining Surface Regarding Power Substances Obtaining In function of the possibility to generate energy, the surface exploited substances are divided in power and non-power. Only 4 power substances was exploited at the surface of the ground, in 51 quarries: lignite (45 quarries), pit coal (3), bituminous schist (2) and bituminous sand (1). The most substances (78) were non-power and for its extraction were used a very large number of identified open pits and quarries: 3,427. 3.2 Mining Surface Regarding Metallic Mineral Substances Obtaining These mineral substances can be distribute in metallic and non-metallic. Only 6 metallic mineral substances, misname metallic ores, was exploited: ferrous ores (9 quarries), manganese ores (4), copper ores (4), bauxite (101), gold-silver ores (6), complex (lead, zinc, copper) ores (2). The total metallic ores quarries were 126. The most exploited substances (77) were non-metallic and for its extraction were used an very large number of identified surface exploitations: 3,378. 3.3 Mining Surface Regarding Renewable Mineral Substances Obtaining On this criterion, two types of exploited substances exist: renewable and nonrenewable. The renewable type was exploited in 1,088 open pits (fig.1). 197
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Chapter - A OPEN PIT MINING
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3 METHOLOGICAL APPROACH AND EQUIPME
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23 rd 4 FINAL REMARKS Slope monito
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23 rd 6 THE HIERARCHICAL PREFERENC
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A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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