A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

The limestone was extracted at Gura Vaii,
in Neolithic times. Sand and gravel
exploitation was at Ghioroc.
Certainly, surface mining (in primitive
manner) was practiced in more numerous,
but unknown today sites [Marinescu et
Bogatu, 2005], especially firestone and
quartzite, on Dârjovului Valley, Oltului
Valley, Dâmbovnicului Valley, Lupului
Valley, Prutului Valley.
2.2 Mining Surface in the Antiquity
In the Antique times, on present Romanian
Territory was existed two state entities:
Dacian Kingdom and Roman Empire.
2.2.1 Surface Mining in Dacian period
Although the Dacian state was very large
and well developed, it is known a very small
number of certain surface exploitation: 7.
The andesite was exploited at Uroi Hill
(Simeria city) and Pietroasa Hill (Deva).
With andesite from Pietroasa Hill was
constructed the well known sanctuaries from
the Sarmizegetusa Regia (Gradistea Muncel
today) chapital [Boroneant, 2000].
The limestone surface mining is known in
Magura Hill (on Streiului Valley), near
Calan city and Ardeu (past quarry, near a
Dacian stronghold partially destroyed of a
modern quarry. The sand was extracted at
Ghenetea. From river sands, in indeterminate
points was extracted gold of very good
quality [Marinescu et Bogatu, 2005].
At Bajan Hill (Deva) and Gradistea point
(Santa Maria de Piatra, near Calan) the
archaeologists had indicated two
indeterminate rocks quarries from Dacian
period but exploited and in Roman period
[Boroneant, 2000]. Many Dacian surface
mining had disappeared because the
exploitation had continued in Roman times.
2.2.2 Surface mining in Roman period
The culmination (surface exploitation
number and exploited mineral substances
number) of surface mining in old times was
realised in Roman period. The number of
identified quarries and open pits is 53.
The limestone was exploited in 17
quarries: Magura Hill (Calan), Carpinis,
Geoagiu, Pesteana, Strei (Calan), Valea
Sangiorgiului (Calan), Ampoita, Ighiu,
Albesti, Iablanita, Ruschita, Rusca Montana,
Bahna, Gura Vaii I, Gura Vaii II,
Varciorova, Dinogetia (Garvan).
The marble big quantities was extracted at
Paraului Vally (Cristur), Ruschita and Rusca
Montana (possible and Bucova). Three
andesite quarries are known at Petris-Uroi
(Simeria city), Pietroasa Hill and Pietroasa 2
(the both near Deva city).
The andesite from Petris-Uroi was used
for builds and Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa,
Micia and other roman localities [Boroneant,
2000]. The sandstone was exploited at
Petnic, Rusca Montana, Verendin; dacite at
Creaca Ticlar and travertine at Breznita. Of
course, the sand and gravel was extracted in
many places but is known only Ghioroc open
pit. The Romans had exploited iron ore in
many Dacian mines. The places of surface
mining (was and underground exploitations)
are unknown today, except Teliucu Inferior.
The gold was extracted in some quarries:
–
C . The Romans had obtaining
gold, more pure and with more small costs,
from alluviums in non-identified places on
the rivers (and their affluents): Aries, Mures,
Crisul Alb, Jiu, Olt, Caras, Nera [Marinescu
et Bogatu, 2005]. From this period, the
archaeologists indicated many indeterminate
rocks quarries.
2.3 Mining Surface in the Middle Ages
After the intense mineral substances
exploitation in Roman period, in the first
part of Medium Ages (migratory peoples
period) was not existed a strog state and
identified surface mining was at very low
level. In the second part, the exploitation
intensity will grow. In many Roman quarries
the mineral substances exploitation had
remained.
The limestone was exploited in the
quarries Ardeu, Ruschita, Rusca Montana,
Malu Rosu, Jucu de Sus, Podeni, Sandulesti
Nord, Gura Vaii, Ogradena Veche,
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