A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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3.2.3 Separation of alteration zones associated with gold mineralization Separation and detection of hydrothermal alterations is important Privileges of satellite images. Provided, the effects of them be seen in the surface of the earth. Hydrothermal alterations are complex process involving changes in mineralogy, texture and chemical reaction that occur from reactions between the hydrothermal fluids with different origin (atmospheric or magmatic) and rocks.The most important minerals formed during alteration, are iron oxides and clay minerals with OH that if appears at ground surface, can be detected by satellite images. Obviously, introduced area must be controlled by field operations in order to confirm the presence or absence of mineralization. The purpose of ASTER image processing, in this part is identified different alteration zones such as argillic or clay and iron oxide alterations. For this aim, will be an unsupervised classification to inform of spectral classes images (find End member). It is done in Envi4.2 software with SMACC algorithm (Sequential maximum Angle Convex Cone). Likewise determining end of member, the frequency of each spectral class in the image is determined. These classes can be associated with one of the alteration that these are compared as visually in image or through the spectral library. Spectrum associated with alteration minerals that we are following them is stored from USGS spectral library separately (Fig 4). Then, extracted End member from the image be correlated with mineral spectra in the library. With identification each mineral´s absorption and reflection point, can use different methods in ENVI software for spectral data analysis. One of these methods is MATCH FILTERING. In this way, the reflecting digital value of each pixel is compared with reference values of minerals. In other methods-SAM (Spectral Angle Mapping) - the nearest spectral angle of the minerals, as standard, with the nearest spectral angle of pixels of the image are compared. Figure 4. Overview of the spectral library in ENVI software Finally, the probability distribution of alteration is obtained. Then with the help of remote sensing interpretation and geological maps, are correct and finalized.Extracting information from satellite images in this section include: Extraction and detection of Kaolinitic – Alunite alteration, Illite – Sericitic alteration, advanced argillic alteration (with using separation Pyrophillit mineral), iron oxide, and silica alteration. Multivariate analysis LS-Fit (Linear Band Prediction) is another method that was used.In processing the images in this way, the bond that have objections with other types of spectral bands are analyzed.The results of this method as compared to the mentioned methods, have a higher accuracy And the noise is much less. 3.2.1.1 Extraction of iron oxide alterations The main alterations observed in ASTER image of studied area is iron oxide alterations, which with band combination 1,2,3 (ie visible wavelengths) are clearly separated.As seen in Figure 5, the main alterations of iron oxide aligned with the NE – SW tectonic trend .These alterations must be investigated with field operations until to be confirmed probable mineralization with them. 182
23 rd Figure 6. ASTER satellite image with band combination 1,3,4 in RGB and show a) the distribution of the mineral kaolinite is representing argillic zone is shown (red) b) the dispersion zone of advanced argillic alteration (Pirophyllite mineral) c)prophyllitic alteration d) the dispersion zone of phyllic alteration (illite) is shown (yellow) 3.2.1.2 Extraction of clay alterations Figure 5. ASTER satellite image with band combination 1,2,3 in RGB and show iron oxide alteration(yellow) and studied area (red rectangle). Clay or argillic alteration zone was extracted in 3 zone: - Advanced argillic alteration zone with Pirophyllite Index mineral. - Argillic alteration zone with Kaolinitic Index mineral. -Phyllic alteration zone with Illite Index mineral. In Figure 6a, the distribution of the mineral kaolinite is representing argillic zone is shown (red) and in Figure 6b, the dispersion zone of advanced argillic alteration (Pirophyllite mineral) is displayed. Advanced argillic alteration using the ASTER data in center and western parts of the study area has been divided. In Figure 6c, prophyllitic alteration and in Figure 6d, the dispersion zone of phyllic alteration (illite) is shown (yellow). 183
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Chapter - A OPEN PIT MINING
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3 METHOLOGICAL APPROACH AND EQUIPME
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A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

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