A OPEN PIT MINING AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİ

23 rd
Environment
Economy
Society
Sustainable
mining
Figure 1- Principles of sustainable mining
(Osanloo, 2012)
They listed six recommendations that if
followed, “would help any mine improve the
sustainability of its industrial practices”:
1) Improved planning, 2) improved
environmental management, 3) cleaner
technology implementation, 4) increased
stakeholder involvement, 5) formation of
partnerships, and 6) improved training.
According to mentioned viewpoints, one
aspect of mining activity is the sustainable
development and should be considered in
mine design to keep balance among
economy, environment and society.
3 MINE HAULAGE SYSTEMS
All mines require efficient equipment to
move material in a cost and time effective
manner. As shown in figure 2, the haulage
cost is very significant in mining operation.
Prior to World War II, rail haulage was the
principal type of transportation in large pits.
Now, in most surface mines, the bulk of the
mined material is transported from the mine
to the crusher by trucks (Hoppe, 1977).
Figure 3 shows a block flow diagram of
truck and shovel operation.
Over the past decades mining equipment
have steadily increased in size and
complexity. For instance, the 400-tonne
trucks of today are about 10 times the size of
the 35-tonne trucks of the 1950s. For every
10 years during this period, there has been a
50% increase in truck payload (Koehler,
2003).
Figure 2- Typical open pit mining costs by
activity (Gregory, 2003)
Figure 3- Block flow diagram of truck and
shovel operation
In hard rock mines, truck and shovel
operation is still the most prevalent mining
method.
Since the 1940s, continuous mining and
haulage with bucket wheel excavators and
conveyors has been the predominant method
for high capacity coal or lignite production
and overburden removal in open pit softrock
mining.
The bucket wheel excavator is favorable
connected to a belt conveyor system with or
without a mobile transfer conveyor
intermediately installed or a cross pit
spreader transferring the material to the
waste dump or the raw material stockpile.
In 1956, the first in-pit crusher (IPC) was
installed in a limestone quarry in Hover,
West Germany. The crusher enabled the
quarry operator to take advantage of
continuous belt conveyor haulage and
eliminated a problem of high-cost road
construction and maintenance in wet soft
ground, with resultant cost savings.
In-pit crusher systems have mobility
capabilities that range from fully mobile
units in continuous use to permanently fixed
units. Figure 4 show the material flow in
open pit mine based on in-pit crusher type.
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