reading skills and visual attention in school-age children
reading skills and visual attention in school-age children reading skills and visual attention in school-age children
INTRODUCTION SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN READING SKILLS AND VISUAL ATTENTION IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN VISUAL ATTENTION DEFICIT POOR READING SKILLS J. JAKOVĻEVA, G. KRŪMIŅA LEARNING DIFFICULTIES 12.04.2013. Picture adapted from: www.humptybumptykids.com/which-books-should-your-child-read-for-beginners/ AIM AND OBJECTIVES PARTICIPANTS ‣ to assess development of visual attention in connection with reading skills development in school-age children 2437 children (1177 boys/1260 girls) to carry out reading skills and visual attention assessment in school-age children to develop normative data of visual attention (TMT – Trail Making Test) testbyage to evaluate link between reading skills and visual attention 15 schools (13 standard and 2 specialized) grades 1 through 12 age from 7-18 years binocular visual acuity 0.8-1.0 Adapted from: www.123rf.com/photo_9773494_children-at-schoolduring-the-lesson.html to compare both tests results between children in standard schools with children in schools for learning difficulties project “Exploring vision and visual perception disturbances of school-age children and developing diagnostics methods” (supported by ERAF No.2011/0004/2DP/2.1.1.1.0/10/APIA/VIAA/027) METHOD READING SKILLS METHOD VISUAL ATTENTION Oral reading speed A TMT (Trail Making Test) test B words read per minute analogical texts – 7 word count – 130 average word length – 5 Reading comprehension questions – 2 (1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5....) (1 – A – 2 – B – 3....)
- Page 2 and 3: 0 RESULTS ORAL READING SPEED IN SCH
INTRODUCTION<br />
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN<br />
READING SKILLS AND VISUAL<br />
ATTENTION IN SCHOOL-AGE<br />
CHILDREN<br />
VISUAL ATTENTION<br />
DEFICIT<br />
POOR READING<br />
SKILLS<br />
J. JAKOVĻEVA, G. KRŪMIŅA<br />
LEARNING<br />
DIFFICULTIES<br />
12.04.2013.<br />
Picture adapted from: www.humptybumptykids.com/which-books-should-your-child-read-for-beg<strong>in</strong>ners/<br />
AIM AND OBJECTIVES<br />
PARTICIPANTS<br />
‣ to assess development of <strong>visual</strong> <strong>attention</strong> <strong>in</strong> connection with <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>skills</strong><br />
development <strong>in</strong> <strong>school</strong>-<strong>age</strong> <strong>children</strong><br />
<br />
2437 <strong>children</strong> (1177 boys/1260 girls)<br />
to carry out <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>skills</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>visual</strong> <strong>attention</strong> assessment <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>school</strong>-<strong>age</strong> <strong>children</strong><br />
to develop normative data of <strong>visual</strong> <strong>attention</strong> (TMT – Trail<br />
Mak<strong>in</strong>g Test) testby<strong>age</strong><br />
to evaluate l<strong>in</strong>k between <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>skills</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>visual</strong> <strong>attention</strong><br />
15 <strong>school</strong>s (13 st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>and</strong> 2 specialized)<br />
grades 1 through 12<br />
<strong>age</strong> from 7-18 years<br />
b<strong>in</strong>ocular <strong>visual</strong> acuity 0.8-1.0<br />
Adapted from: www.123rf.com/photo_9773494_<strong>children</strong>-at-<strong>school</strong>dur<strong>in</strong>g-the-lesson.html<br />
to compare both tests results between <strong>children</strong> <strong>in</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>school</strong>s<br />
with <strong>children</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>school</strong>s for learn<strong>in</strong>g difficulties<br />
project “Explor<strong>in</strong>g vision <strong>and</strong> <strong>visual</strong> perception disturbances of<br />
<strong>school</strong>-<strong>age</strong> <strong>children</strong> <strong>and</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g diagnostics methods” (supported<br />
by ERAF No.2011/0004/2DP/2.1.1.1.0/10/APIA/VIAA/027)<br />
METHOD<br />
READING SKILLS<br />
METHOD<br />
VISUAL ATTENTION<br />
Oral <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> speed<br />
A<br />
TMT (Trail Mak<strong>in</strong>g Test) test<br />
B<br />
words read per m<strong>in</strong>ute<br />
analogical texts – 7<br />
word count – 130<br />
aver<strong>age</strong> word length – 5<br />
Read<strong>in</strong>g comprehension<br />
questions – 2<br />
(1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5....) (1 – A – 2 – B – 3....)
0<br />
RESULTS<br />
ORAL READING SPEED IN SCHOOL -AGE CHILDREN<br />
RESULTS<br />
ORAL READING SPEED IN SCHOOL -AGE CHILDREN<br />
240<br />
This study<br />
Read<strong>in</strong>g speed<br />
(Words per m<strong>in</strong>ute)<br />
180<br />
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19<br />
Age (years)<br />
Read<strong>in</strong>g speed<br />
(words per m<strong>in</strong>ute)<br />
210<br />
Starch (1995)<br />
180<br />
150<br />
Hasbrouck <strong>and</strong> T<strong>in</strong>dal (2005)<br />
120<br />
90<br />
60<br />
30<br />
0<br />
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19<br />
Age (years)<br />
Read<strong>in</strong>g speed norms <strong>in</strong> Latvia (words per m<strong>in</strong>ute):<br />
• 1 st grade 46-60<br />
• 2 nd grade 60-80<br />
• 3 rd grade 80-90<br />
• 4 th grade 100-120<br />
Criteria for 1st grade (Good et al., 2000):<br />
• 40 or more WPM – low risk<br />
• 20 or below WPM – high risk<br />
Below<br />
“norm”<br />
With<strong>in</strong><br />
“norm”<br />
RESULTS<br />
READING SKILLS<br />
ORAL READING SPEED AND COMPREHENSION<br />
RESULTS<br />
ORAL READING SPEED IN STANDARD AND SPECIALIZED<br />
SCHOOLS BY AGE<br />
GROUPS:<br />
1. Good readers – read fast, with comprehension (73%)<br />
2. Fast readers – read fast, without comprehension (12%)<br />
3. Sense readers – read slow, with comprehension (11%)<br />
4. Slow readers – read slow, without comprehension (4%)<br />
2244 <strong>children</strong> – st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>school</strong>s<br />
192 <strong>children</strong> – specialized <strong>school</strong>s <strong>children</strong><br />
Read<strong>in</strong>g speed<br />
(Words per m<strong>in</strong>ute)<br />
180<br />
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19<br />
Age (years)<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>school</strong>s<br />
Specialized <strong>school</strong>s<br />
MIN limit<br />
3., 4. 1., 2.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
RESULTS<br />
SPEED SCORES OF TMT TEST IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN<br />
2353 <strong>children</strong> – TMT A<br />
1968 <strong>children</strong> – TMT B<br />
Speed scores (seconds)<br />
215<br />
195<br />
175<br />
155<br />
135<br />
115<br />
95<br />
75<br />
55<br />
35<br />
15<br />
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19<br />
Age (years)<br />
TMT A<br />
TMT B<br />
Normative data of TMT test by <strong>age</strong> for <strong>school</strong>-<strong>age</strong> <strong>children</strong> <strong>in</strong> Latvia<br />
RESULTS<br />
TMT TEST RESULTS AMONG READERS GROUPS<br />
Speed scores (seconds)<br />
200<br />
180<br />
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
Goups<br />
<strong>children</strong> with good/poor <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>skills</strong><br />
correlation (0.7) between <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> speed <strong>and</strong> TMT test (A <strong>and</strong> B) speed scores<br />
poor <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>skills</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>visual</strong> <strong>attention</strong> – 2-5% of <strong>children</strong><br />
TMT A<br />
TMT B
RESULTS<br />
TMT TEST RESULTS IN STANDARD AND SPECIALIZED SCHOOLS<br />
<br />
2162/190 <strong>children</strong> – TMT A<br />
CONCLUSIONS<br />
1. Results shows that <strong>read<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>skills</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>visual</strong> <strong>attention</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>school</strong>-<strong>age</strong> <strong>children</strong><br />
develops by <strong>age</strong> 14-16 years (p