Search & Rescue RIC.pdf - Los Angeles County Firefighters ...
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Search & Rescue RIC.pdf - Los Angeles County Firefighters ...
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LOS ANGELES COUNTY<br />
FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
JANUARY
LOS ANGELES COUNTY<br />
FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE<br />
2
3<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
1. Rapid Intervention Crew Procedures<br />
a. During the first alarm incidents, the IC shall designate at least two<br />
personnel (preferably one engine company and additional units as needed<br />
for specific hazards) as a standby crew or a <strong>RIC</strong>, whenever personnel are<br />
engaged in IDLH operations. At this time, consideration should be given<br />
to requesting an ambulance through Fire Command and Control for<br />
standby.<br />
b. One USAR Task Force company and one additional engine company will<br />
automatically be dispatched to all second alarm incidents (except wildland<br />
fires). Unless otherwise assigned, the USAR company should be<br />
assigned to coordinate and augment the original <strong>RIC</strong> on all multiple-alarm<br />
incidents. If USAR companies are not available, the IC may substitute a<br />
truck company, or other appropriate resources. When there are no<br />
hazardous materials situations present, consideration may be given to the<br />
use of the hazardous materials task force units to augment the <strong>RIC</strong> with<br />
manpower needs or as a <strong>RIC</strong> for confined space rescues.<br />
c. As the incident progresses, the IC/Operations shall evaluate the <strong>RIC</strong> and<br />
upgrade or create multiple <strong>RIC</strong>s as necessary to meet worsening<br />
conditions, newly discovered hazards, or incidents which grow too large to<br />
be covered by only one <strong>RIC</strong>. Multiple <strong>RIC</strong>s can be organized into a <strong>RIC</strong><br />
group for ICS organizational purposes. At the request of the IC, Fire<br />
Command and Control shall assign a separate tactical frequency for use<br />
by the <strong>RIC</strong> team.<br />
d. <strong>RIC</strong> Readiness: Upon assignment to a <strong>RIC</strong>, members shall report to a<br />
position near the command post or other area designated by the IC, in a<br />
full state of readiness. The <strong>RIC</strong> leader shall report to the incident<br />
commander (or Ops if established) to review current conditions, known<br />
hazards, locations of committed personnel and units, the incident action<br />
plan, communications plan for <strong>RIC</strong> tactical frequency, and potential rapid<br />
intervention plans. The <strong>RIC</strong> leader shall evaluate the current capabilities of<br />
the <strong>RIC</strong> and, if necessary, make recommendations to enhance the <strong>RIC</strong><br />
capabilities to match on-scene conditions. <strong>RIC</strong> shall also note the location<br />
of the incident ambulance and, if established, the Medical Base.
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LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
e. Personnel Accountability System Roster: Unless directed otherwise by<br />
the IC, the <strong>RIC</strong> leader shall assign a <strong>RIC</strong> member to prepare the written<br />
PAS Incident Personnel Roster, while the <strong>RIC</strong> personnel wait in the<br />
standby mode near the command post. Preparation of an accurate PAS<br />
Roster will contribute to <strong>RIC</strong> effectiveness by knowledge of personnel<br />
locations and assignments. Once the PAS Roster has been completed, it<br />
is to be given to the IC. The PAS Roster will assist the IC in accounting<br />
for all personnel during a head count.<br />
f. <strong>RIC</strong> Briefing: The <strong>RIC</strong> leader shall provide a briefing to the team<br />
members, identifying current conditions, known hazards, the locations of<br />
committed personnel and units, and tentative <strong>RIC</strong> plans of action in<br />
response to potential “fire fighter down” situations.<br />
g. <strong>RIC</strong> Equipment Pool: The <strong>RIC</strong> shall establish an equipment pool based<br />
on the hazards and <strong>RIC</strong> situations that are most likely to be encountered<br />
at the incident. The equipment pool shall be located for rapid use if a<br />
rapid intervention operation is required. The following is a guideline for<br />
<strong>RIC</strong> equipment:<br />
1. For fires, each member of the <strong>RIC</strong> should have:<br />
a. Full protective personal equipment, HT radio, with SCBA and<br />
PAL.<br />
b. One Big Beam flashlight (in addition to other flashlights)<br />
suspended on lanyard or other method.<br />
c. One drop bag.<br />
d. One forcible entry tool for escape.<br />
2. <strong>RIC</strong> equipment suggested for fires in wood frame/heavy<br />
timber/ordinary construction: Pickhead axes, pike poles, rotary saw<br />
with wood cutting blade, chain saw, sledge hammer, Haligan tool or<br />
other similar equipment. Additionally, a search rope, charged hose<br />
lines, ground ladders as needed, access to aerial ladders as<br />
needed, air bags/shoring/cribbing if collapse hazard, and a thermal<br />
imaging system when available.
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LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
3. <strong>RIC</strong> equipment suggested for fires in non-combustible/fire resistive<br />
construction: Halligan tool or other prying tools, sledge hammers,<br />
rotary saw with metal cutting blade and/or concrete cutting blade,<br />
cutting torch, search rope, charged hose lines, air<br />
bags/shoring/cribbing if collapse hazard, ground ladders as<br />
needed, access to aerial ladders as needed, and a thermal imaging<br />
system when available.<br />
4. <strong>RIC</strong> equipment suggested for collapse operations: Air bags,<br />
shoring and cribbing, air knife/air vacuum as needed, submersible<br />
pump as needed, torches and cutting saws, fiber optic scopes,<br />
search cameras, thermal imaging when available or as needed,<br />
other related equipment based on the hazard.<br />
5. <strong>RIC</strong> equipment for other high-risk incident types should be based<br />
on the particular hazards as recommended by technical specialists<br />
and as required by law (i.e. intrinsically safe equipment for confined<br />
space operations, etc.).<br />
h. Automatic Aid/Mutual Aid: When responded with an outside agency into<br />
their jurisdictional area, our personnel shall follow the “standby crew”<br />
guidelines and provide an outside standby crew for our own personnel,<br />
unless they have ensured that a standard <strong>RIC</strong> is being provided by the<br />
outside agency. When an outside agency is responding with us into our<br />
jurisdiction, a <strong>County</strong> of <strong>Los</strong> <strong>Angeles</strong> Fire Department unit should be<br />
utilized for <strong>RIC</strong> purposes, and the outside agency unit utilized for other<br />
assignments.<br />
i. Demobilization: The IC shall demobilize, reduce, or reassign the <strong>RIC</strong><br />
when personnel are no longer exposed to IDLH conditions. This may<br />
include the release of USAR units and/or the truck company from the <strong>RIC</strong><br />
if there are no collapse hazards or other conditions that necessitate their<br />
presence, and if a single engine company can perform the <strong>RIC</strong> functions<br />
adequately.
6<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
2. “Fire Fighter Down” Procedures<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
a. Any personnel who become aware that a member is seriously injured,<br />
trapped, lost, or in need of other immediate life-saving assistance, shall<br />
immediately initiate or ensure that a “fire fighter down” notification is made.<br />
1. Request “emergency traffic” from the IC on the command and/or<br />
tactical channel and state: “Fire Fighter Down!”<br />
2. Once radio traffic has been cleared by the Fire Command and<br />
Control Facility, the individual reporting the “fire fighter down”<br />
condition shall provide as much information as possible about the<br />
nature of the situation, including the following types of information:<br />
a. The identification of the member(s) and company involved.<br />
b. The number of personnel affected.<br />
c. An accurate location of the “fire fighter down” situation.<br />
d. A brief description of the situation and any special equipment<br />
or capabilities required to find or rescue the affected<br />
personnel.<br />
e. An assessment of whether the member or company can<br />
assist in their own rescue, and the best avenues of travel to<br />
reach the “fire fighter down” site.<br />
f. Any special hazards to personnel attempting to assist.<br />
3. If unable to contact the IC, the member shall notify Fire Command<br />
and Control on the command channel. FCCF will relay the<br />
information to the IC.<br />
4. The member or company shall take whatever immediate action is<br />
necessary to safely begin search and rescue operation, to be<br />
augmented by the <strong>RIC</strong>.<br />
5. <strong>RIC</strong> operation shall begin immediately thereafter. Personnel and<br />
units that are performing critical operations (i.e. fire fighting and<br />
exposure protection in support of the rapid intervention efforts or<br />
other life-safety needs, etc.) shall discontinue those efforts if such<br />
action will result in life hazards to fire fighters or citizens. <strong>RIC</strong><br />
teams shall operate in teams of two or more.
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LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
b. Upon receiving a report of a “fire fighter down” emergency situation, the IC<br />
shall assign the <strong>RIC</strong> to begin search and rescue operations and notify Fire<br />
Command and Control of the situation.<br />
c. Fire Command and Control, upon receiving a report of a “fire fighter down”<br />
condition, shall immediately clear the command (and tactical, when<br />
possible) channels of all but “emergency traffic” and broadcast a “Fire<br />
Fighter Down” notification to all units operating on the incident.<br />
d. Operations section chief, branch directors, division/group supervisors,<br />
company officers, and other on-scene supervisors, upon receiving<br />
notification of a “fire fighter down” emergency, shall immediately conduct a<br />
head count to account for all personnel under their command, and report<br />
any missing personnel to the IC, through the ICS chain of command.<br />
They shall then make an assessment of their current situation and<br />
resources with respect to the ability to provide augmentation resources to<br />
assist with the <strong>RIC</strong> operation.<br />
e. The IC/Ops shall confer with the <strong>RIC</strong> to determine if additional resources<br />
are needed, and establish a formal rapid intervention plan.<br />
f. Other operating units shall continue to perform critical functions (i.e. fire<br />
fighting, exposure protection, rescue of civilians, etc.), unless otherwise<br />
directed by the IC or other supervisor.<br />
g. Companies that are not engaged in critical operations shall be made<br />
immediately available to the rapid intervention group via the IC/Ops, to<br />
support the rapid intervention. These companies should assemble in a<br />
staging area until their assistance is requested by the <strong>RIC</strong>.<br />
h. Fire Command and Control shall immediately dispatch an ambulance and<br />
will prompt the IC to consider a request for either an air squad to provide<br />
immediate air transport of injured personnel to trauma centers or an<br />
additional ground squad.
8<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
i. Upon entry into the area to be searched, the <strong>RIC</strong> shall remain in working<br />
teams of two or more. The <strong>RIC</strong> members would be well advised to allow<br />
for a “moment of silence” upon entry into the general search area by<br />
stopping all movement, work activity and reducing breathing/air bottle<br />
sounds. This silence will allow for “active listening” for PASS (Personal<br />
Alert Safety System) device alarms, audible sounds from injured/trapped<br />
fire fighters, or possible radio noises/squelch coming from trapped<br />
members. Frequently the trapped/lost member can be located<br />
immediately by these telltale sounds when rescuers take a moment to<br />
actually listen for them. Also scan the area for flashing light from the<br />
strobe light on the PASS device.
9<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
APPENDIX I<br />
Definitions<br />
COMPANY UNITY: A term to indicate that a fire company or unit shall remain together<br />
in a cohesive, identifiable working group, to ensure personnel accountability and the<br />
safety of all members. A company officer or unit leader shall be responsible for the<br />
adequate supervision, control, communication and safety of members of the company<br />
or unit. This concept is further described in the Emergency Operations Manual Volume<br />
10, Chapter 3, Subject 1, "Emergency Incident Safety Instructions."<br />
"FIRE FIGHTER DOWN" CONDITION: A term given to any situation in which<br />
personnel are reported to be lost, trapped, seriously injured, or otherwise needing<br />
immediate assistance. Whenever anyone at the incident reports "fire fighter down",<br />
Rapid Intervention Crew operations shall immediately begin. The term "fire fighter<br />
down" is being used by our Department in the interest of "clear text," however it is<br />
important for our personnel working in mutual aid and automatic aid situations to be<br />
aware that other neighboring fire agencies may utilize the terms "fire fighter red alert" or<br />
"code red."<br />
FULL STATE OF READINESS: Personnel with full protective personal equipment,<br />
SCBA, rescue ropes, entry tools, search/rescue equipment for specific hazards,<br />
available hose lines, standing by at the Command Post or other assigned location,<br />
monitoring radios and conditions of the incident, constantly ready to immediately begin<br />
search, rescue, extrication, and removal of lost, trapped, or injured fire fighters.<br />
HEAD COUNT (ROLL CALL): A term to indicate the process of conducting a "roll call"<br />
of all personnel on an emergency incident, following the order for operational retreat<br />
from a hazardous environment. The head count shall be supervised by the Incident<br />
Commander, and provide a rapid means of determining if all companies, units and<br />
individuals can be accounted for, in a place of safety. On large scale incidents,<br />
operations section chief, branch directors, division/group supervisors, strike team<br />
leaders, unit leaders, etc., shall report the results of the head count for their assigned<br />
resources to the next higher ICS level, for rapid transmittal to the Incident Commander.<br />
If any members are unaccounted for, the head count shall be repeated, and/or runners<br />
sent to verify the status .of unreported personnel.
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LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH (IDLH): An atmosphere that<br />
poses an immediate threat to life, would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or<br />
would impair an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. Conditions<br />
present during an advanced (beyond incipient stage) interior structural fire create an<br />
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Atmosphere. IDLH examples include, but<br />
are not limited to, the following:<br />
A. Fires and earthquake damage to pre-1933 brick construction<br />
B. Fires and earthquake damage to facades (supported and unsupported)<br />
C. Fires in lightweight construction<br />
D. Potential flashover and backdraft conditions<br />
E. Extensive roof operations<br />
F. Fires in occupancies with large basements or large spaces where getting<br />
lost is a high potential<br />
G. Multiple fire attack teams working inside and on upper floors<br />
H. High rise fires<br />
I. Refinery fires<br />
J. Fires and other incidents in Metro Rail tunnels, mines and other<br />
subterranean locations<br />
K. Structural collapse from earthquakes, explosions, floods, wind, and other<br />
causes<br />
L. Confined space rescue<br />
M. Trench rescues<br />
N. Hazardous materials incidents<br />
O. Possible terrorism incidents<br />
P. Some transportation accidents
11<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
"INITIAL STAGES" OF AN INCIDENT: The period of time involving the tasks<br />
undertaken by the first arriving company with only one team assigned or operating in<br />
the hazardous area. This is the time period when two personnel remain outside the<br />
hazard area as "standby personnel," for assistance or emergency rescue at incidents<br />
requiring entry into the danger area. Once a second team is assigned or operating in<br />
the hazardous area, the incident shall no longer be considered in the "initial stage", and<br />
at least one Rapid Intervention Crew shall be required (thus also ending the time period<br />
for "standby personnel").<br />
INTERIOR STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING: Refers to the physical activity of fire<br />
suppression, rescue or both, inside of buildings or enclosed structures which are<br />
involved in a fire situation beyond the incipient stage.<br />
PERSONNEL ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEM (PAS): The term used to describe the<br />
Department's method of maintaining constant awareness of the identities and location of<br />
all personnel involved in emergency operations. This Department utilizes the ICS<br />
principles of company unity and unity of command as the cornerstone of its Personnel<br />
Accountability System. The PAS is necessary to ensure that all personnel may be<br />
quickly located after an adverse event (i.e., collapse or flashover), when an operational<br />
retreat is ordered, when a head count is requested or when a "fire fighter down" is<br />
reported.<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREW (<strong>RIC</strong>): A term used to describe a group of at least two<br />
personnel (preferably one engine company and additional units as needed for specific<br />
hazards) who are assembled in a full state of readiness for rapid entry, search, and<br />
rescue of other members during an emergency incident. The <strong>RIC</strong> should have a<br />
designated <strong>RIC</strong> leader, preferably an officer. Personnel assigned to a <strong>RIC</strong> shall be fully<br />
equipped for the particular hazards that may be encountered, with protective personal<br />
equipment and appropriate search/rescue equipment. They shall maintain constant<br />
awareness of the number and identity of members operating in the hazardous area,<br />
their location and function, and time of entry. The <strong>RIC</strong> should remain in a full state of<br />
readiness, near the command post or location assigned by the IC.
12<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RAPID INTERVENTION CREWS<br />
STANDBY, STANDBY CREW, STANDBY MEMBER: A reference to two<br />
members/personnel who remain outside the hazard area during the "initial stages" of an<br />
incident, when only one team is operating in the hazardous area. The standby members<br />
are responsible for maintaining a constant awareness of the number and identity of<br />
members operating in the hazardous area, their location and function and time of entry.<br />
The standby members shall remain in radio, visual or signal line communications with<br />
the entry team. One standby member shall be permitted to perform other duties outside<br />
of the hazardous area, such as apparatus operator, incident commander, or technician<br />
or aide, provided constant communication is maintained between the standby member<br />
and members of the entry team. Full protective clothing, protective equipment and<br />
SCBA shall be immediately accessible for use by the outside standby team if the need<br />
for rescue activities inside the hazard area is necessary. The standby members shall<br />
don full protective clothing, protective equipment and SCBA, and "notify the department"<br />
of their impending entry, by contacting the IC (or notifying the dispatcher) prior to<br />
entering the hazard area.<br />
UNITY OF COMMAND: The concept that every individual within an organization reports<br />
to one and only one designated supervisor. This principle is intended to clarify reporting<br />
relationships and eliminate the confusion caused by multiple, conflicting directives.<br />
V10-C3-S3
13<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
SEARCH<br />
GENERAL INFORMATION<br />
<strong>Search</strong> consists of the procedures necessary to examine closely and carefully for a<br />
victim and initiate the prompt action necessary to remove them from imminent danger.<br />
The main objective of this exercise is to establish safe standardized procedures for<br />
companies to utilize during their interior search and rescue operations. Always keep<br />
"RISK VERSUS BENEFIT" in your mind when developing a search plan.<br />
1. Preparation and planning:<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE<br />
a. Preparation is mandatory before a safe search and rescue operation can<br />
be initiated.<br />
b. Preparation should begin with a periodic preplan of designated structures<br />
within the jurisdictional district. The emphasis should be on floor plans,<br />
special hazards and occupant loads. Things to consider during the<br />
preplan:<br />
(1) Time of day: In combination with the type of occupancy, it will set<br />
the parameters for search and rescue.<br />
(2) Type of occupancy: It will determine the potential occupant load.<br />
The number of people in the fire building is our primary concern.<br />
(3) Type of construction: This will determine the structural stability.<br />
(4) Size: Generally, large structures are more complex and dangerous<br />
to <strong>Firefighters</strong>. More planning, organization and manpower will be<br />
required. Since one of our primary concerns is to maintain<br />
communication between all search team members, we cannot<br />
search large buildings with the techniques described in this<br />
document. Large buildings or rooms will have to be ventilated prior<br />
to primary search. There have been cases where <strong>Firefighters</strong> have<br />
become disoriented and died because they attempted to search a<br />
warehouse or large building. It would be very dangerous to search<br />
a smoke-filled warehouse with collapsed racks and storage.
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LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE cont:<br />
(5) Access or egress: Evaluate all openings that can be used as entry<br />
and exit locations. Keep in mind that you will be moving a 1 3/4"<br />
line around with you during the primary search. Evaluate the<br />
effective reach of the 1 3/4" line within the building.<br />
(6) Environment: Evacuate, the environment in and around the<br />
structure for hazardous situations.<br />
2. Prepare to enter the structure:<br />
a. The initial search and rescue team needs to consider the following prior to<br />
entering the building:<br />
(1) The general structural condition of the building. Remember: "RISK<br />
VERSUS BENEFIT".<br />
(2) Attempt to determine the location (and extension) of the fire or<br />
hazardous condition.<br />
(3) Consider immediate ventilation of the structure as an effective tool<br />
to assist in search and rescue. If positive pressure ventilation is<br />
immediately started, the search team could walk around the,<br />
structure to search for potential victims. Otherwise, the search team<br />
would be crawling around the structure in a much more<br />
time-consuming search. Remember, the quicker we can get to the<br />
victims, the better the chance they have of surviving. A<br />
"coordinated attack" also includes the search and rescue teams.<br />
(4) Identify the type of occupancy and any associated hazards.<br />
(5) Determine access/ingress points and possible escape routes.<br />
(6) Determine, if possible, if there are any known victims and their<br />
locations.<br />
(7) Secure the utilities.<br />
b. Determine the type of rescue that will be needed to remove any victims.
15<br />
3. <strong>Search</strong> Markings:<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY, FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE cont:<br />
a. There are four markings used at the entrances to buildings and individual<br />
rooms. (See: Entrance and <strong>Search</strong> Markings, page 16.)<br />
4. <strong>Search</strong> phases:<br />
(1) The arrow is drawn on or near the opening used to enter the<br />
building.<br />
(2) The arrow with a slash through it indicates that the opening or door<br />
is not to be used as an entrance to a building/room.<br />
(3) A single diagonal slash is drawn on or near the arrow by the<br />
building/room entrance. This single slash indicates that primary<br />
search has begun inside the building/room.<br />
(4) A second crossing slash is drawn through the first slash when the<br />
primary search phase has been completed. All pertinent search<br />
status information is then indicated as shown in the example on<br />
page 16. <strong>Search</strong> markings should be placed on the lower 1/3 of the<br />
interior walls and doors to make them easier to find should smoke<br />
conditions worsen.<br />
a. PRIMARY: A rapid search of all involved and exposed areas affected by<br />
the incident. This phase can be accomplished by a fire attack team or the<br />
designated search team with a 1 3/4" line. The emphasis should be on a<br />
rapid scan of the areas to be searched.<br />
b. SECONDARY: This phase focuses on a thorough and complete<br />
inspection of the areas searched during the primary search. A second set<br />
of search markings should be placed next to the first markings. The<br />
emphasis in this phase is to guarantee that there are no victims left in the<br />
building.<br />
NOTE: If possible do not use primary search personnel to conduct the secondary<br />
search. A different perspective is important.
16<br />
ENTRANCE & SEARCH MARKINGS<br />
SINGLE SLASH WHEN ENTERING<br />
STRUCTURE, ROOM, OR AREA<br />
ENTRANCE TO STRUCTURE<br />
SECOND SLASH WHEN EXITING<br />
STRUCTURE, ROOM OR AREA<br />
NOT<br />
ENTRANCE TO STRUCTURE<br />
OR ROOM<br />
COMPANY<br />
DESIGNATOR<br />
Victim<br />
Status<br />
EXAMPLE:<br />
E - 7<br />
T - 8<br />
3 DEAD<br />
5 LIVE<br />
NUMBER OF<br />
VICTIMS<br />
NO<br />
VICTIMS
17<br />
5. Entering the structure/room:<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE cont:<br />
a. The two primary considerations during search and rescue operations are:<br />
(1) Firefighter safety<br />
(2) Survivability of the victims<br />
b. These tasks are best accomplished and coordinated by preparing a<br />
search Plan prior to entering the areas to be searched. This plan should<br />
be developed at the exterior of the building prior to entry. The <strong>Search</strong> Plan<br />
should contain the following information:<br />
(1) A clear understanding of the type of search to be conducted and<br />
how it is to be performed by each member.<br />
(2) An emergency evacuation signal that can be identified by all team members.<br />
(3) Identify two escape routes.<br />
(4) Discuss pertinent information:<br />
(a).<br />
(b).<br />
(c).<br />
Possible location of victims<br />
Hazardous materials or conditions that might be present<br />
Special construction hazards<br />
(5) Floor plan information, if available.<br />
6. Equipment:<br />
a. Full personal safety equipment with drop bag<br />
b. S.C.B.A. with P.A.S.S. unit<br />
c. Flashlight (preferably a Big Beam light)<br />
d. Portable radio<br />
e. Forcible entry/probing tools<br />
f. <strong>Search</strong> marker (Chalk/grease pencil)
18<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE cont:<br />
7. The search pattern: ALWAYS WORK IN PAIRS!<br />
If poor visibility is encountered, conduct the search on your hands and knees. In<br />
a two Firefighter search team, the search team leader always remains at the door<br />
for orientation. The remaining-Firefighter-enters the room, turns to the left and<br />
follows the wall until a complete perimeter search of the room is completed. (See<br />
Diagram #1). It is imperative that contact with the wall is maintained at all times.<br />
Sweep out toward the center of the room with your tool and maintain contact with<br />
the wall. If a piece of furniture is encountered, sweep on top, behind and<br />
underneath for potential victims.<br />
If a door is encountered, test it for heat, open it very slowly and sweep it with<br />
your tool to determine if it is a closet. If you cannot touch a wall, close the door<br />
and notify the search team leader. The new room will be searched after the<br />
search team finishes the current room. Never search more than one room at a<br />
time. All members of the search team must always maintain communication with<br />
the search team leader at the door. The entire search team must move to the<br />
next doorway before that room can be searched.<br />
While the first team member is searching to the left in a clockwise direction, the<br />
second team member is searching to the right in a counterclockwise direction.<br />
Both members shall stay in contact with the wall at all times. When they meet at<br />
the middle of the far wall, they turn and search the middle of the room. They<br />
remain in contact with each other as they return to the search team leader at the<br />
door, (See: Diagram #2).<br />
The search team leader must maintain orientation for the search team. This is<br />
done through voice contact or noise generated by tapping. The search team<br />
leader searches as large an area in from the door as possible. The search team<br />
leaders primary responsibility is the safety of the team members inside the room<br />
being searched. If the room being searched is so large that voice or noise<br />
contact cannot be maintained, the search must be discontinued until adequate<br />
ventilation is provided to improve visibility.
19<br />
DIAGRAM #1<br />
DIAGRAM #2
20<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE cont:<br />
Overall search team safety and efficiency increases dramatically when the<br />
search team leader maintains the orientation with the search team within<br />
the room.<br />
Once a primary search has been concluded, the appropriate marking will be<br />
made before moving to search another room. The search team leader will check<br />
to see if other rooms can be safely searched. If it is not safe to enter a room,<br />
then the entire team must move together to any remaining rooms to be<br />
searched. All team members must be accounted for before moving on to search<br />
any additional areas.<br />
8. Victim rescue methods and priorities:<br />
The safest and most effective method to remove victims to safety is with two or<br />
more rescuers. This may not always be possible. The search team leader<br />
coordinates the removal of victims by the search team. The team leader must<br />
also evaluate all staffing and resource needs, while maintaining the search team<br />
orientation and safety. Additional search teams should be requested if a victim<br />
is found. It is extremely difficult to remove victims that are found to be<br />
unconscious, obese, or badly burned.<br />
9. Status reports:<br />
a. The search team leader reports to the I.C. or division/group supervisor the<br />
following information:<br />
(1). Location of the search team and the current fire conditions at that<br />
location.<br />
(2). The number and condition of any victims and any resource needs.<br />
(3). The start and finish of a primary or secondary search. Upon exiting<br />
the structure, a status report shall be made to the I.C. State what<br />
type of search has been completed and the status of the search<br />
team.
21<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE cont:<br />
10. Key points:<br />
a. Safety first - Civilian and Firefighter life safety is the number one priority.<br />
The development of skills through training and preplans will minimize the<br />
risks.<br />
b. Always work in pairs.<br />
c. Develop a plan - Identify escape routes, emergency signals, phase of<br />
search, individual assignments, preplan information and any additional<br />
information.<br />
d. There are two phases of search: They are primary and secondary search.<br />
e. Make status reports prior to entry and after exiting the structure. Transmit<br />
any victims found, any pertinent information that would assist the I.C., type<br />
of search and the status of the search team.<br />
f. Use sound search, rescue and evacuation strategies and tactics at all<br />
times.<br />
The examples given in the following pages are examples of victim removal from a<br />
hostile environment (Figures 1 - 9).<br />
REFERENCE MATERIAL:<br />
1. FIRE COMMAND, PAGES 129-141.<br />
2. ESSENTIALS OF FIREFIGHTING, CHAPTER 7.<br />
3. TRAINING BULLETIN 2.<br />
4. TRUCK COMPANY OPERATIONS TRAINING GUIDE, SUBJECT 2.<br />
5. VOLUME 10, CHAPTER 3, SECTION 1, 3.
22<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #1<br />
- Quickly check mask seal for tightness (to keep out fire gases and smoke).<br />
- Quickly check the air gauge on the breathing apparatus bottle (to avoid suffocation).<br />
Make sure there is enough air left in the bottle to reach a safe environment.<br />
- Carefully roll the fire fighter on his or her back.<br />
- Check the waist strap for tightness.<br />
- Firmly grasp the shoulder strap close to the breathing apparatus frame. (If two<br />
rescuers are involved, they both grasp a shoulder strap on each side of the victim.)<br />
- Lift the shoulders of the victim and back out (stay low in crouch position if in a high<br />
heat environment). Keep the head of the victim tilted back. Slide the victim on the<br />
lower portion of the breathing apparatus bottle, no on the valve. Be careful of any<br />
hazards or debris as you back up.<br />
- Remove the victim to a safe environment, initiate basic life support as needed.
23<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #2<br />
UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM REMOVAL WITH ONE RESCUER<br />
GEORGIA STREET OR CROSS-ARM METHOD<br />
- Approach the victim from the front. Bend down on one knee and grasp an arm.<br />
Pull the victim up against your knee.<br />
- Hold onto the arm of the victim as you proceed behind them. Keep the head of<br />
the victim tilted back.<br />
- Position yourself behind the victim. Extend your arms straight ahead, under the<br />
arms of the victim. Grasp the left arm of the victim with your right hand. Grasp<br />
the right arm of the victim with your left hand.<br />
- Bend at the hips and knees, and use your legs for lifting. Stand up with the<br />
victim (stay low in crouch position if in a high heat environment). Check the head<br />
position.<br />
- As a single rescuer, watch for hazards as you back out. Take the victim to a safe<br />
environment. Initiate basic life support as needed.
24<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #3<br />
UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM REMOVAL WITH TWO RESCUERS<br />
GEORGIA STREET OR CROSS-ARM METHOD<br />
- <strong>Rescue</strong>r #1 approaches the victim from the front, bends down on one knee and<br />
grasps an arm. The victim is pulled up against the knee of rescuer #1.<br />
- <strong>Rescue</strong>r #2 is positioned behind the victim. Extend your arms straight ahead,<br />
under the arms of the victim. Grasp the left arm of the victim with your right<br />
hand. Grasp the right arm of the victim with your left hand.<br />
- <strong>Rescue</strong>r #1 faces the same direction as rescuer #2 and bends down to pick up<br />
the legs of the victim. One of the legs of the victim is placed on either side of<br />
rescuer #1.<br />
- Both rescuers bend at their hips and knees, using their legs for lifting.<br />
- Watch for hazards as you remove the victim. Take the victim to a safe<br />
environment. Initiate basic life support as needed.
25<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #4<br />
UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM REMOVAL WITH TWO RESCUERS<br />
USING A SALVAGE COVER, DEBRIS BAG, OR HALL RUNNER<br />
- Log-roll the patient onto the salvage cover, debris bag or hall runner.<br />
- One rescuer prepares to lift up the head end of the patient. The other rescuer<br />
prepares to pick up the foot end of the patient.<br />
- Both rescuers face the same direction, as they carefully lift the patient.<br />
- Watch for hazards as you remove the victim. Take the victim to a safe<br />
environment. Initiate basic life support as needed.
26<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #5<br />
VICTIM REMOVAL USING A CHAIR WITH TWO RESCUERS<br />
- Make sure the chair is in good enough shape (strong enough) to carry the victim.<br />
Do not use an old broken down chair to remove a large person.<br />
- One rescuer holds the front legs behind his or her body. The other rescuer holds<br />
onto the back of the chair.<br />
- Both rescuers are facing the same direction. They lift the patient carefully and<br />
proceed out of the room.<br />
- Watch for hazards as you remove the victim. Take the victim to a safe<br />
environment. Initiate basic life support as needed.
27<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #6<br />
FIREFIGHTER DRAG WITH ONE RESCUER<br />
- Position the victim on his or her back.<br />
- Tie the victim’s hands together with any available material.<br />
- Get down on your hands and knees, facing the head of the patient, while<br />
straddling the body.<br />
- Put the tied hands of the patient around your neck and straighten your arms.<br />
- Drag the patient across the floor by crawling on your hands and knees.
28<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #7<br />
VICTIM REMOVAL DOWN A LADDER WITH TWO OR THREE RESCUERS<br />
- Tie the hands of the victim together using a hose strap or appropriate material.<br />
- The victim is placed on the windowsill by the rescuer(s).<br />
- The victim is positioned on the ladder with the tied wrists placed over the head of<br />
the rescuer. The victim is now face-to-face with the rescuer on the ladder.<br />
- The rescuer will grasp the rungs with both hands and raise up one knee to<br />
support the victim. The knee has created a straddle effect between the victim’s<br />
legs.<br />
- <strong>Rescue</strong>r will descend the ladder slowly, keeping the victim directly in front of the<br />
rescuer. Constant pressure is maintained with the “straddle” knee.<br />
- Initiate basic life support as needed.
29<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
FIGURE #8 FIGURE #9<br />
VICTIM REMOVAL DOWN A LADDER WITH THREE RESCUERS<br />
- The rescuer on the ladder takes a position at the top of the ladder just below the<br />
windowsill.<br />
- The two rescuers remaining in the room place the victim on the windowsill, face<br />
up and feet out the window.<br />
- The victim is passed out the window across the arms of the rescuer on the<br />
ladder.<br />
- The victim is positioned so the knees break over one of the arms of the rescuer.<br />
The torso is located between the arms of the rescuer. The shoulders of the<br />
victim are resting on the other arm of the rescuer.<br />
- The weight of the victim is easily controlled by the rescuer pulling in on the<br />
beams and forcing the body of the victim into the rungs.<br />
- The rescuer takes one step at a time down the ladder, sliding the hands down<br />
the beams. (Continue this method all the way to the ground with a large victim.<br />
If the victim is small, once the rescuer steps on the ground, the victim can be<br />
rolled against the chest of the rescuer and carried away.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
Fire Fighters – 108 th Academy: Mo Khazaal, Steve Srott, Chris Siok<br />
Chris Thomas – Photography, Computer Graphics, Set Production
30<br />
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
PRIMARY SEARCH OF GROUND FLOOR<br />
OBJECTIVE: 1. Demonstrate the ability to safely and efficiently search a<br />
building in coordination with firefighting operations.<br />
2. To answer general information questions about search<br />
operations.<br />
3. To-demonstrate search methods utilizing proper techniques<br />
in a safe manner.<br />
EQUIPMENT: 1. Flashlight<br />
2. Drop bag<br />
3. H.T. radio<br />
4. <strong>Search</strong> tool (Short pike pole, axe, etc.)<br />
5. <strong>Search</strong> marker (Chalk, grease pencil)<br />
DESCRIPTION OF EVOLUTION:<br />
1. All personnel will have personal safety equipment donned<br />
and S.C.B.A. ready for use.<br />
2. Answer questions about search.<br />
3. Assemble the search team and obtain the necessary<br />
equipment.<br />
4. Familiarize yourself with the building, develop a search plan<br />
and make necessary assignments prior to entry.<br />
5. Execute the primary search plan and assess its<br />
effectiveness.<br />
6. Place the approved search marker indications on<br />
building/rooms entered.<br />
7. Re-assemble at the entrance to the building/ room and<br />
account for all personnel.<br />
8. The drill will be completed when the search team leader<br />
notifies the IC that the primary search has been completed.
31<br />
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
PRIMARY SEARCH OF GROUND FLOOR<br />
UNIT STATION SHIFT DATE<br />
NAME<br />
NAME<br />
NAME<br />
NAME<br />
RANK<br />
RANK<br />
RANK<br />
RANK<br />
INDIVIDUALS NOT MEETING THE COMPANY SKILLS STANDARD WILL REQUIRE<br />
ADDITIONAL TRAINING IN THAT SKILL.<br />
COMPANY HAS MET THE STANDARD: YES NO COMMENTS<br />
1. Develop a search plan:<br />
a. The crew leader conducts a size-up of<br />
the building and develops a search<br />
plan in coordination with the I.C.<br />
b. Identify two escape routes.<br />
c. Discuss the search plan with the<br />
search team and make individual<br />
assignments where needed.<br />
2. Prepare for entry:<br />
a. Observe fire conditions.<br />
b. Ready hoseline (Bleed air).<br />
c. Assemble necessary tools.<br />
d. Notify the I.C. that primary search is<br />
being initiated.<br />
NAME<br />
DATE
32<br />
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
COMPANY HAS MET THE STANDARD: YES NO COMMENTS:<br />
3. Enter the building and initiate primary search:<br />
a. Make the appropriate mark on door.<br />
b. Always work in pairs (crawl).<br />
c. First Firefighter turns left, searches<br />
perimeter of room in a clockwise<br />
direction.<br />
d. Second Firefighter turns right,<br />
searches perimeter of room in a<br />
counterclockwise direction.<br />
e. <strong>Search</strong> team leader remains at the<br />
door, maintains voice contact and<br />
orientation with the searchers.<br />
f. <strong>Search</strong> team leader searches the area<br />
around the doorway.<br />
g. Each searcher maintains contact with<br />
the wall and sweeps up wall and out<br />
into the room.<br />
h. <strong>Search</strong>ers meet along the-far wall and<br />
search the center of the room, while<br />
working their way back to the<br />
entrance.<br />
4. Exiting rooms:<br />
a. Account for all search gear, personnel<br />
when search is completed.<br />
b. Make appropriate search marker<br />
indications on the door.<br />
c. Close the door to the room.<br />
d. <strong>Search</strong> the remaining rooms in the<br />
building.<br />
NAME<br />
DATE
33<br />
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
COMPANY HAS MET THE STANDARD: YES NO COMMENTS:<br />
6. Exiting the building:<br />
a. Assemble outside of the building.<br />
b. Account for all search team members<br />
c. Notify I.C. of status.<br />
NAME<br />
DATE
34<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
PRIMARY SEARCH OF SECOND FLOOR, WITH VICTIM REMOVAL<br />
OBJECTIVE: 1.<br />
Demonstrate the ability to safely and efficiently remove a victim<br />
from a second story window by using, a ground ladder, in<br />
coordination with firefighting operations.<br />
2. To answer general information questions about search operations.<br />
3. To demonstrate search methods utilizing proper techniques in a<br />
safe manner.<br />
EQUIPMENT: 1. Flashlight<br />
2. Drop bag<br />
3. H.T. radio<br />
4. <strong>Search</strong> tool (Short pike pole, axe, etc.)<br />
5. <strong>Search</strong> marker (Chalk, grease pencil)<br />
6. Appropriate ladder.<br />
DESCRIPTION OF EVOLUTION:<br />
1. All personnel will have personal safety equipment donned and<br />
S.C.B.A. ready for use.<br />
2. Answer questions about search.<br />
3. Assemble the search team and obtain the necessary equipment.<br />
4. Familiarize yourself with the building, develop a search plan and<br />
make necessary assignments, prior to entry.<br />
5. The search team will unload and raise a ladder to a second story<br />
window. They will conduct a primary search using appropriate<br />
techniques.<br />
6. When the victim is located, the search team will remove the victim<br />
from the second story window, using the ladder. One of the<br />
examples provided in this manual is do be used as the technique to<br />
remove the victim.<br />
7. The search team leader will advise the I.C. when the victim is<br />
discovered, along with any other pertinent information.<br />
8. The drill will be completed when the search team leader notifies the<br />
IC that the primary search has been completed, the victim removed<br />
and all personnel accounted for.
35<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
PRIMARY SEARCH OF SECOND FLOOR, WITH VICTIM REMOVAL<br />
UNIT STATION SHIFT DATE<br />
NAME<br />
NAME<br />
NAME<br />
NAME<br />
RANK<br />
RANK<br />
RANK<br />
RANK<br />
INDIVIDUALS NOT MEETING THE COMPANY SKILLS STANDARD WILL REQUIRE<br />
ADDITIONAL TRAINING IN THAT SKILL.<br />
COMPANY HAS MET THE STANDARD: YES NO COMMENTS:<br />
1. Develop a search plan:<br />
a. The crew leader conducts a size-up of the<br />
building and develops a search plan in<br />
coordination with the I.C.<br />
b. Identify two escape routes.<br />
c. Discuss the search plan with the search team<br />
and make individual assignments where<br />
needed. <strong>Search</strong> team leader advises the<br />
team of the second story, rescue.<br />
2. Prepare for entry:<br />
a. Observe fire conditions.<br />
b. Assemble appropriate ladder and tools.<br />
c. Raise and position ladder. The tip of the<br />
ladder is to be even with the windowsill.<br />
d. Notify the I.C.-that primary search is being<br />
initiated.<br />
NAME<br />
DATE
36<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
PRIMARY SEARCH OF SECOND FLOOR, WITH VICTIM REMOVAL cont:<br />
COMPANY HAS MET THE STANDARD: YES NO COMMENTS:<br />
3. Gain access by climbing the ladder:<br />
a. The search team leader foots the ladder from<br />
the working side to avoid the falling glass.<br />
b. Firefighter climbs ladder and locks in.<br />
c. Firefighter gains entry through the window. If<br />
it is necessary to break the window, the crew<br />
is warned. Tie off the ladder.<br />
d. Firefighter sounds the floor directly in front of<br />
the window before entering the room.<br />
4. Conduct a primary search of the second floor:<br />
a. The first firefighter turns left, conducts a<br />
perimeter search in a clockwise direction.<br />
The floor is sounded as he advances.<br />
b. The second Firefighter turns right, conducts a<br />
perimeter search in a counterclockwise<br />
direction. The floor is sounded as he<br />
advances.<br />
c. <strong>Search</strong> team leader remains at the window<br />
and maintains voice contact and orientation<br />
with the searchers.<br />
d. <strong>Search</strong> team leader searches the area<br />
around the window.<br />
e. <strong>Search</strong>ers maintain contact with the wall and<br />
sweep up wall and out into the room.<br />
f. If a door is located, sweep it and close it.<br />
g. <strong>Search</strong>ers meet along the far wall and search<br />
the center of the room while working back to<br />
the search team leader.<br />
NAME<br />
DATE
37<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
PRIMARY SEARCH OF SECOND FLOOR, WITH VICTIM REMOVAL cont.<br />
COMPANY HAS MET THE STANDARD: YES NO COMMENTS:<br />
5. Unconscious victim discovered:<br />
a. Take the victim to the window opening, using<br />
practiced techniques.<br />
b. Position the victim at the window.<br />
c. Firefighter assumes the position on the<br />
ladder to receive the victim.<br />
d. Firefighter receives the victim, descends the<br />
ladder using practiced techniques.<br />
e. Firefighter removes the victim to a safe area<br />
when he reaches the ground.<br />
f. Conduct patient assessment.<br />
g. Inform the I.C. of the number of victims found<br />
and their condition.<br />
h. Remaining searchers complete the primary<br />
search, using appropriate techniques.<br />
6. <strong>Search</strong> team exits the building:<br />
a. <strong>Search</strong> team descends ladder.<br />
b. <strong>Search</strong> team leader accounts for all search<br />
team members.<br />
c. <strong>Search</strong> team leader notifies the I.C. of search<br />
team status.<br />
NAME<br />
DATE
38<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
RATERS ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS<br />
SEARCH AND RESCUE<br />
1. Name two things that the initial search and rescue team needs to consider prior<br />
to entering a building?<br />
Answer:<br />
Structural condition, location of the fire, are there any known<br />
victims, secure the utilities, identify occupancy type and hazards,<br />
and identify two escape routes.<br />
2. What does it mean when an arrow is drawn on or near an opening to a building<br />
that is to be searched?<br />
Answer:<br />
The opening is an entrance/exit.<br />
3. What does it mean when an arrow with a slash through it is drawn on or near to<br />
an opening to a building that is to be searched?<br />
Answer:<br />
The opening is not to be used as an entrance to the building.<br />
4. A single diagonal slash is drawn on or near the arrow by the building/room<br />
entrance. This single slash indicates:<br />
Answer:<br />
Primary search has begun inside the building/ room.<br />
5. What does it mean when a second crossing slash is drawn through the first slash<br />
that has been placed on or near a building entrance by a search team?<br />
Answer:<br />
The primary search phase has been completed.<br />
6. What do we call a rapid search of all involved and exposed areas affected by an<br />
incident?<br />
Answer:<br />
Primary search.<br />
7. What action by search teams guarantees that there are no victims left in a<br />
building?<br />
Answer:<br />
A thorough and complete secondary search.<br />
8. What are the two primary considerations during search and rescue operations?<br />
Answer:<br />
Firefighter safety and the survivability of victims.
39<br />
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENT<br />
CONTEXT TRAINING PROGRAM<br />
INSTRUCTIONS: The Battalion information recorded on this form shall be a<br />
combination of all three shifts Informally Evaluated by the Battalion Chiefs. This form is<br />
to be submitted by .<br />
1. The total number of Battalion personnel that<br />
participated in the Informal Evaluation are:<br />
2. The total number of people that were unable to<br />
complete the Informal Evaluation is:<br />
3. List any problems encountered in the Informal Evaluation:<br />
ALL RANKS<br />
ALL RANKS<br />
4. List additional feedback on the Context Training Program:<br />
Prepared by:<br />
Division:<br />
Battalion:<br />
Reviewed by:<br />
Distribution: Original to Battalion Chief files<br />
2 copies to jurisdictional Assistant Chief