MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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KULTUURIASUTUSTES KÄIMINE VISITING OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS VISITING OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AS AN INDICATOR OF POPULATION’S ACTIVENESS Kutt Kommel Introduction The purpose of this article is to analyse whether there are any differences in the time use of the people who visit cultural institutions and the people who do not. Presuming that consumption of culture means more than just having a good time to reduce depression, improve health and increase the feeling of happiness both in case of men and women (Cuypers, Krokstad et al. 2011), but it also enriches people with new information and food for thought (which is a part of shaping people’s knowledge and beliefs, values, preferences and objectives throughout their life), we may assume that it has certain impact on their daily life and activities, too. Based on the fact that consumption of culture enhances mental activeness (Park 2011), one could assume that it also affects other aspects of daily human life. In order to verify this, I hereby set a hypothesis that people who consume culture are in general more active than people without the habit of consuming culture. Activeness may be expressed in a variety of actions, such as intensive reading habits or buoyant voluntary contribution to some organisation. In this article, we have selected work and the average number of daily hours spent on work-related activities as an indicator of activeness; indirectly, it has also economic dimension. As a rule, for employees the amount of work performed corresponds to appropriate remuneration and, for the employer it means that besides the expenses made on the staff, work should bring in profit to the company or help it achieve other objectives. On the national level this means, on the one hand, a citizen who lives a good life in this country, and on the other hand, bigger workload may indirectly contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the state. On individual level, the average number of daily working hours may indirectly and in a simplified way be associated with person’s productivity, i.e. the more people work the greater the outcome. This is definitely not enough to measure the productivity of an organisation, as it consists of several other factors. The given analysis does not solely focus on the habits of people active in the labour market, but on the entire population at least ten years of age living in Estonia. As the number of working hours of employed people is larger than in case of officially unemployed people, there is no significant additional information, in terms of people’s activeness, to be gained from comparing these groups and it can even be misleading. Therefore, this analysis focuses on comparing the people visiting and those not visiting cultural institutions by social groups. In 2010 Statistics Estonia conducted the Time Use Survey, which provided information about people’s daily time use. Among other information, the diaries of Time Use Survey also provided data concerning the average amount of work performed by people on a daily basis. In this analysis, the average number of working hours is viewed as the activeness indicator. The respondents of the Time Use Survey were asked to write down all their activities within a ten-minute interval over the period of one week by making relevant diary entries. In addition, 7,000 participants in the Time Use Survey filled in personal questionnaires, where they were asked also about their habits with regard to the consumption of culture and involvement in cultural activities. Among other activities, people could also write down the time spent on working and work-related activities. This indicator must not be confused with the working time considered in the Labour Force Survey which concerns only the people who have worked for at least one hour during the week before the survey and which is also indicated in the questionnaire in hours. Despite the fact that working time is undoubtedly longer for employed people, this also concerns, although to a smaller extent, other groups of people, who are officially unemployed or inactive. Even though it is not reasonable to compare the activeness of employed and unemployed people by measuring the number of working hours, it could still be done in case of other comparable social groups, assuming that they actually did what they indicated in the diary under work and MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 93
KULTUURIASUTUSTES KÄIMINE VISITING OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS work-related activities. Although the nature and intensity of work may be quite different (which, again, complicates comparison of activeness in statistical terms), the time they spend on working is a neutral and comprehensive dimension which shows personal concentration on one type of activity during a certain period of time. A lot of work also means that people are (both physically and mentally) ready and motivated (by internal or external factors). Working less means lower level or lack of readiness and motivation. In the context of protestant outlook, a lot of work may be considered a value in itself, but it also has a certain economic dimension, when working hours are used to measure labour. In modern days, working time is in most cases regulated by law. For instance, pursuant to the Employment Contracts Act, the established working time is 40 hours per week in Estonia and 35 hours per week in France. In order to analyse time use, people’s daily activities are distributed into five main groups. In addition to the time spent on work and study, there are separate categories for spending active, re-active and inactive leisure time. Besides main job, the time spent on work also includes farming, second job, and other work-related time. Working time does not include work-related travel, this means e.g. the time spent on commuting to and from work. In the Time Use Survey (unlike the Labour Force Survey), working time includes the time spent on looking for a job, which is relevant due to its ultimate purpose to earn money, which is also the purpose of working. In general, the time spent on finding a job is relatively brief, yet it represents a significant indicator when comparing the activeness of employed and unemployed people. Study includes all learning activities, but not the motion related to study. Active leisure time involves engagement in hobbies, cultural activities and sports, and attendance of various events, such as volunteer work outside home, attendance of meetings, religious activities as well as paying visits and other social activeness outside home. Active leisure time generally involves activities performed by people on their own initiative and having a certain intentional character, i.e. they are activities associated with a more or less certain purpose or aspiration towards something. Re-active leisure time activities, on the other hand, include activities performed by people based either on their personal, family or household needs. Thus, these include activities related to personal care or help to an adult family member, household upkeep, and also motion related to various activities and other forced activities or simply obligations related to personal life. Inactive or passive leisure time covers sleep, but also other activities that do not require particular effort or intent. This includes eating, socializing with family members and telephone conversations, computer games and other games, as well as other unspecified leisure time activities. This category also involves activities that – in some other context – might be classified under the activities related to culture or information technology, such as using the computer at home or watching television. However, inactive leisure time should not be seen with negative connotation, i.e. as time spent without any purpose. A certain number of sleeping hours per 24 hours is essential for human health and even the seemingly idle moments might be necessary for composing oneself, in order to be active enough for performing other necessary activities later on. Inactive leisure time could be viewed as negative if it would not involve any other activity. In the course of this analysis, the main indicator observed is the time spent on work activities by people attending cultural events and visiting cultural institutions and by people who do not do it. A separate article should be dedicated to the analysis of study and leisure time activities. Considering that this collection of articles is focused on the differences in the habits of males and females, this article points out gender-specific indicators. Daily time division of men and women There are a lot of common features but also some differences in the primary daily activities of males and females who are at least ten years of age. Males dedicate a bit more time to inactive leisure time activities and on work. Females, on the other hand, have more active leisure time and re-active activities. (Figure 1) Most of the 24 hours (60% for men and 57% for women) is deemed as inactive. Inactive time is more prevalent for men – approximately 14.5 hours in total, and a little more than 13.5 hours a day for women. This is followed by re-active activities, which constitute 17% (more than four 94 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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