MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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TÖÖ- JA PEREELU ÜHITAMINE RECONCILING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE have pointed out long wait lists of kindergartens as the main problem of childcare activities (Ainsaar et al. 2004). In 2010, the number of children under seven years of age in Estonian families was slightly higher than 100,000; on average, more than 55,000 of them attended a kindergarten or a crèche. In case of 17,000 children under seven years of age – other childcare services were used, and with nearly 30,000 children – help of relatives or acquaintances living outside of the household was frequently used. For 35,000 children up to seven years of age no persistent childcare services were used. The types of childcare services used and attending of institutions providing childcare services largely depend on the age of children. A kindergarten or a crèche was attended by over 80% of children aged three to six and by only one fifth of children up to two years of age. Help of relatives or acquaintances was also used in case of nearly one third of children aged up to two years of age, but most of the parents of the children of this age group (63% of children) did not use traditional childcare services. The percentage of households with 3–6 year-old children who did not use childcare services was several times smaller – childcare services were not used only in case of 11% of children. The question remains, whether the fact that for most of the children 0–2 years of age childcare services were not used is due to insufficiency and unavailability of such services or the unwillingness of parents to take their children to a kindergarten. Krusell et al. (2004) have analysed the satisfaction of parents with childcare services and their wish to use childcare services. Most of the parents were more or less satisfied with the used childcare services and the organisation of these services: only one tenth did not consider the available childcare services satisfactory. The level of satisfaction was significantly affected by whether the parent wanted to start working again or not. This factor divided the parents who were staying at home into two: a half of those who did not want to go to work were very satisfied with the organisation of childcare services and the other half of the parents staying at home, those who would have gone to work if possible, were the least satisfied. The age of children also affected the level of satisfaction: most of the parents of 1-year-old children are happy to be at home and pleased with the situation while some of the parents of 2-year-old children would like to return to the labour market but cannot find suitable childcare facilities. (Krusell et al. 2004) In case of men, the high price or absence of childcare services had no effect on whether they were looking for work or not. At the same time, 11% of women with children up to two years of age considered the absence or price of childcare services an important hindrance that made them not look for work. Thus, the low use of childcare services with children aged 0–2 years is due to both unwillingness of the parents to use them and the insufficiency of such services offered. (Figure 4) Nearly 20,000 persons in the prime working age (25–49) who were currently unemployed and were not actively seeking work, reported willingness to work, although they would not have commenced working immediately. Two thirds of this so-called potential labour force was comprised of women i.e. their number was considerably bigger than that of men. The reasons for not to commencing work within two weeks differed by gender. For men, the most important reasons were studies and own illness or disability. For women, the main respective reasons also included studies, but the most important reason was taking care of children or adults requiring care. Most of the women belonging to the group of potential labour force raised a child up to two years of age and only 8% of these women had children aged over 15 or did not have children in their households. (Figure 5) One might assume that if parents have sufficient income, more childcare services are used as they would be less dependent on the price of such services. In case of children up to six years of age, the use of kindergarten, crèche or a kindergarten for children with special needs was not significantly affected by income. However, a significant effect of income was seen on the use of hobby groups. While 7% of the children up to six years of age MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 77
TÖÖ- JA PEREELU ÜHITAMINE RECONCILING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE from families belonging to the first quartile attended a hobby group, the respective percentage for the fourth quartile was nearly 20%. In case of households belonging to the fourth quartile, more children were taken care of by relatives or acquaintances living outside of the household. A higher use of the help of relatives and acquaintances by households belonging to the fourth quartile may indicate that these parents may be more occupied with work which makes them look for additional childcare facilities. At the same time, parents with higher income have more opportunities for developing their children in hobby groups. (Table 2) Use of services provided by kindergartens or other childcare facilities enables to make decisions regarding reconciliation of work and family life from a longer perspective as the agreements for the use of the services of childcare facilities are mostly made for a longer term. Illness of children often places parents in a complicated situation. Parents need to take days off from work when their child is ill which may intensify relations with the employer (Kraav 2006). Vainu et al. (2009) have pointed out that staying at home with a sick child is much more complicated for men than for women. However, employers consider such absence easier to arrange than a longer leave a man might take during the period when parental benefit is paid or during parental leave. This is also supported by the figures on the proportion of men among the recipients of certificates for care leave which has steadily grown and reached 23% in 2008 (Eesti Haigekassa 2008). The data displayed in Table 3 still allow us to assume that the household member who stayed at home with a sick child was most likely the mother. (Table 3) Different options for childcare were used during illnesses and organising childcare often entailed combining several kinds of childcare. The used ways of childcare depended on the age of child, too. Household members with children aged 3–6 were those who most often had to take temporary leave from work, change or reduce their working hours. Household members who were the least affected were those with children 7–14 years of age. It is noteworthy that a half of the children aged 7–14 were able to take care of themselves during an illness. Working time flexibility Working time flexibility has several dimensions. Time flexibility includes opportunities to regulate working hours a week, shorten a working day or take days off if required and working part-time. Time flexibility can serve the interests of both employees and employers. With both parties, the attitudes related to time flexibility may differ depending on the occupation, field of activity and personal preferences. The interest of employers in flexible organisation of work may, for example, arise from the seasonality of the work or periods when the workload is excessive and the employer requires the employees to make extra hours (Tijdens 2003). Wolff (2000) has stated that employees would rather prefer standard employment contracts with fixed working hours. This helps better plan the time spent with their family. At the same time, working time flexibility is expected in cases of unexpected events, incl. family-related events, such as illnesses, etc. (Wolff 2000). Consequently, working time flexibility is largely related to compromises made by both employees and employers. Working part-time Working part-time is one of the most analysed indicators of time flexibility (Wallace 2003). Part-time employees are defined as the employed who work less than 35 hours per week. Exceptions include occupations where the law prescribes short-time working. According to Krillo (2007), working part-time helps companies flexibly adapt to economic cycles: in the conditions of economic growth, increasing of the number of employees who work part-time enables to avoid (or mitigate) problems arising from labour shortage; in the conditions of economic recession, it is possible to reduce working hours for all (or some of the) employees and thus implement part-time work to save labour costs while retaining employees who know the specifics of the company. On the other hand, part-time work enables flexible reconciliation of work and family life for those individuals who do not want to or cannot participate in the labour 78 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN'S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN'S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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