MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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TÖÖ- JA PEREELU ÜHITAMINE RECONCILING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE Hemerijck A., Visser J. (1999). A Dutch Miracle: Job Growth, Welfare Reform and Corporatism in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Hofäcker, D. (2003). Towards a Dual Earner Model? European Family Policies in Comparison. – Working Paper No 49. European Sociological Association Conference, Murcia, Spain. Isad ja lapsehoolduspuhkus Eestis. (2007). Sotsiaalministeeriumi toimetised, nr 9/2007. Tallinn: Sotsiaalministeerium. Järviste, L. (2010). Sooline võrdõiguslikkus ja ebavõrdsus: hoiakud ja olukord Eestis 2009. aastal. Sotsiaalministeeriumi toimetised, nr 3/2010. Tallinn: Sotsiaalministeerium. Kandla, K., Ainsaar, M., Oras, K. (2000). Mida ootab noor pere riigi perepoliitikalt? – Laste ja perepoliitika Eestis ja Euroopas. / Toim M. Ainsaar, M. Tartu: Rahvastikuministri büroo, lk 134– 152. Karu, M. (2008). Paindlikud töövormid töö- ja pereelu ühitamisel. – Töö ja pere. Paindlik töökorraldus ja lastevanemate tööhõive. / Toim B. Vaher, K. Seeder. Tallinn: Eesti Tööandjate Keskliit, lk 5–13. Kotowska, I., Matysiak, A. (2010). Work–family arrangements. – Family Life and Work. Second European Quality of Life Survey. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, pp. 33–54. Kraavi, I. (2006). Lapse areng koolieelses eas ja lapsehoiu erinevad vormid. Tartu: Perekasvatuse Instituut. Krillo, K. (2007). Osaajaga töötamine Eesti näitel. Dissertatsiooni autoreferaat magister artium’i kraadi taotlemiseks majandusteaduses. Tartu Ülikool. Plantega, J., Remery, C. (2009). The provision of childcare services. A comparative review of 30 European countries. Luxembourg: Euroopa Komisjon. Rõõm, T., Anspal, S. (2011). Sooline palgalõhe Eestis. Artiklite kogumik. Sotsiaalministeeriumi toimetised, nr 2/2011. Tallinn: Sotsiaalministeerium. Saraceno, C., Olagnero, M., Torrioni, P. (2005). First European Quality of Life Survey: Families, Work and Social Networks. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities. Sundström, M., Duvander, A. Z. (2002). Gender division of childcare and the sharing of parental leave among new parents in Sweden. – European Sociological Review, Vol 18, No 4, pp. 433– 447. Tijdens, K. (2003). Employees’ and Employers’ Preferences for Working Time Reduction and Working Time Differentiation. A Study of the 36-Hour Working Week in the Dutch Banking Sector. – Acta Sociologica, Vol 46, No 1, pp. 69–82. Unt, M., Krusell, S. (2004). Lastehoid Eesti peredes. Tallinn: Rahvastikuministri büroo. Vainu, V., Järviste, L,. Biin, H. (2009). Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse monitooring 2009. Uuringuraport. Sotsiaalministeeriumi toimetised, nr 1/2010. Tallinn: Sotsiaalministeerium. Wallace, C. (2003). Work Flexibility in Eight European Countries: A cross-national comparison. Sociological Series 60. Vienna: Institute for Advanced Studies. MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 73
TÖÖ- JA PEREELU ÜHITAMINE RECONCILING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE RECONCILING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE AS A TASK FOR WOMEN? Siim Krusell Introduction Family as a social institution, although constantly changing in time, is a pillar of the sustainability of society. Having children is generally a norm in a family. As this norm changes, the role of the family as a guarantee of sustainability of the society becomes questionable. Working has an important role in guaranteeing sustainability and subsistence of families. According to the Estonian Labour Force Survey, more than a half of Estonian inhabitants are employed and spend considerable time in a week on working. People work on average 40 hours a week (full-time employees). In addition, a significant amount of time is spent on moving between home and work. It is equally important to be successful at work and have a fulfilling family life, thus the reconciliation of work and family life is a key issue. In the European context there are countries which view facilitating work and family life reconciliation as an important goal in the labour market and social and family policy and there are countries where little attention is paid to this issue. The Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland and Denmark) are good examples of the countries where combining work and family life is quite smooth. This is facilitated by well-developed public services, including childcare facilities, and flexibility of the labour market which all enable easy return of the parents who have been temporarily absent from it, also contributing to the time flexibility and work location flexibility. At the same time, combining work and family life is related to great difficulties in Anglo-Saxon (Ireland, the United Kingdom) as well as Southern European countries (Italy, Portugal) (Kotowska et al. 2010). Thus, an important role in reconciling work and family life is played by labour market flexibility which means, for example, opportunities to regulate one’s working hours (time flexibility) and the place of working (work location flexibility). Additionally, functional and contract flexibility are defined. One of the objectives of the present article is to analyse reconciliation of work and family life from the perspective of time and location flexibility. Labour market flexibility may also initiate a decision whether to temporarily leave the labour market or determine how difficult it is to return to the labour market with children at home. Return to the labour market or a temporary leave from it is, however, affected not only by its flexibility. The existing legislation which directly concerns staying at home with children and organisation of flexible working life as well as the possibility to use available childcare facilities, i.e whether there are enough childcare facilities and whether families can afford using them, also has an important role. Thus, the article also analyses taking of a temporary parental leave from the labour market, return to the labour market and also the use of childcare facilities. Today, employment of women is considered a norm and equal opportunities for men and women are being stressed. However, a woman’s role as a mother is still considered more important than that as an employee (Ghysels 2004). Women’s work load which is equal to that of men in paid employment (however the wages are lower) and bigger when household work is considered as well as the general favourable attitude towards traditional roles in a family have created a situation where combining work and family life is mainly a problem for women (Hansson 1999). The fact that reconciliation of work and family life is mainly a task for women is supported by the data on employment of males and females described in Figure 1. (Figure 1) The highest share of employed men was among those whose households included children up to two years or younger – over 84% of them were employed. Employment rate was more than 80% among all men whose households included minor children. Among women, the least active in the labour market were those whose households included children aged two years or younger. Only 27% of those women were employed and only 5% were looking for work. If a household 74 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN'S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN'S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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