MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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TERVIS JA TÖÖVÕIME HEALTH AND CAPACITY FOR WORK in the same age group. The proportion of obese people increases along with the age and at the age of 55–64 a quarter of men and as much as one third of women are obese. (Figure 14) Besides healthy nutrition, physical activity is another factor to combat overweight. Physical activity, e.g. engagement in recreational sports for health purposes for at least half an hour is also crucial in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In general, the proportion of people engaged in recreational sports tends to decline as the age increases. The main difference in the physical activity of men and women lies in the fact that men, more than women, engage more in recreational sports at a younger age, but after passing 35 years of age women are the ones who are more actively engaged in sports than men. Health and work Health status affects personal capacity for work. Poor health may become an obstacle to finding and keeping a suitable job. On the other hand, working itself may cause the health to deteriorate. According the Estonian Association of Occupational Disease Patients, occupational disease and work-induced disease represent damage to health arising due to work environment hazards or nature of work. A significant feature of an occupational disease is the gradually progressive chronic disease process caused by work environment hazards with permanent duration for more than five years. One factor restricting the capacity for work is a long-term illness. In 2009 the capacity for work was restricted due to a long-term illness in case of 13% of men and 12% of women aged 15–64. In most cases the capacity for work is restricted by health problems related to heart, blood pressure and circulation; back or neck problems, and feet problems. In 2009 the most common work-restricting diseases for men were back and neck problems (26%), followed by feet problems (21%), mental illnesses or disorders, emotional and nervous disorders (15%). This list was slightly different for women. The most common problem is the same for men and women, i.e. back or neck problems (21%), but the second most common disease is heart, blood pressure and circulatory disorders (20%), followed by feet problems (16%). The condition restricting the capacity for work may also be caused by an occupational disease. There are 28% of men and 30% of women whose capacity for work is restricted by an occupational disease. Problems with hands, feet, back or neck are more frequently found with men and women working in manufacturing, men engaged in agriculture, construction or transportation; women engaged in trade, public administration, education or health care. Cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the circulatory system are more prevalent among men and women working in manufacturing, men working in construction, women engaged in trade, men working in transportation and women engaged in public administration, education and health care. Mental disorders and stress occur in case of men and women working in manufacturing, women working in trade or education, and respiratory or lung diseases are present in men engaged in manufacturing. For a majority of people their long-term illness restricting capacity for work has lasted for longer than ten years. Health disorder restricting capacity for work and present for more than ten years has been reported by almost a half of men and 42% of women. One fifth of men and a quarter of women have a health disorder that has been present for five to ten years. Only 5% of men and 3% of women have the work adapted to suit the worker with partial loss of capacity for work. Main restrictions to work include the type and amount of work, and to a somewhat smaller extent the difficulties with commuting from home to work. These three factors restricting work have more frequently been mentioned by men. An occupational accident is a sudden damage to health or death of an employee which occurs in the performance of a duty assigned by an employer or in other work performed with the employer’s permission, during a break included in the working time, or during other activity in the interests of the employer. Accident which occurred on the way to work is not deemed to be occupational accident; it is classified as usual accident. According to the Labour Inspectorate, a total of 2,939 occupational accidents were registered in 2009 and 3,213 occupational accidents in 2010. Pursuant to the Labour Force Survey, the number of occupational accidents with men exceeds the relevant number with women by three MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 57
TERVIS JA TÖÖVÕIME HEALTH AND CAPACITY FOR WORK times. A total of 14% of all men subject to an occupational accident had had two occupational accidents and 8% of all men had had as much as three occupational accidents within the last year. Occupational accidents took place mostly in manufacturing, transportation and construction. The reason why men have occupational accidents more frequently is that they work in more accident-prone areas such as construction and transportation. Meanwhile, women tend to work more in offices and shops, where the risk of accidents is lower. Another important reason is that women work on average for fewer hours than men and hence stay at work for a shorter period of time, which also decreases the probability of accidents (Dupre 2002). In addition, women are more self-preserving by nature and take fewer risks than men, which is why they are less prone to accidents. Summary Due to biological differences men and women have different prerequisites for health. The social roles established in the society exert certain impact on the behaviour of men and women and hence on their health. In addition, health is affected to a certain extent by external environmental factors (climate, living and working environment). Individual health status is the result of the concurrence of all these factors. There are more boys than girls born, yet there are fewer men than women in the entire population. This is due to the fact that men are more likely to die at an earlier age. The main reason for that is higher mortality of men as a result of accidents. Due to death at an earlier age the life expectancy of men is also about ten years shorter than that of women. Women have four more disability free life years in comparison with men. Despite a longer lifespan, women are more critical towards their health. Women consider their health to be worse than men. The best assessment of the status of health is provided by people with higher education. The greatest differences are found in the health assessments of men and women with primary education. The worst assessment of the status of health is provided by women with primary education. Both Estonian men and women give better assessments to their health than non-Estonians. The largest number of people in good health and the smallest number of people in very bad health are found among people with higher income. Comparison of the assessments of health by income reveals that, the lower the income, the worse the assessment of health status. Lower income also increases differences in the assessment of health among men and women – women belonging to the lowest income quintile give the worst assessment to their health. In terms of health behaviour this article examines, on the one hand, whether and how much people visit doctors and use medicinal products. On the other hand, it considers risk behaviour such as smoking, alcohol consumption and being overweight which may cause various chronic diseases. The article reveals that women visit doctors more frequently and use more medicinal products than men. Yet there are twice as many smokers and three times more frequent alcohol consumers among men than among women. Social status contributes to smoking – people who smoke tend to have lower level of education, they live in the country and have lower level of income. At the same time, the proportion of people consuming alcohol is higher among people with higher income. Based on body mass index there are more women than men in the normal weight category, and more overweight men than women. However, the proportion of obese men and women is almost equal. Among other things, health status also affects the capacity for work and, vice versa – work affects health. The main health problems that restrict capacity for work of both men and women are back and neck problems. Work-induced diseases or occupational diseases represent the factor restricting capacity for work in case of about one third of men and women. Occupational accidents are three times more likely to happen to men than women. This is due to the fact that the economic activities with the highest rate of occupational accidents, such as manufacturing, transportation and construction, employ mostly men. 58 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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Koostanud Statistikaameti rahvastik
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SAATESÕNA PREFACE PREFACE Overview
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