MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool
MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool
MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool
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TERVIS JA TÖÖVÕIME HEALTH AND CAPACITY FOR WORK<br />
under observation is the body mass index of men and women, which actually reflects the<br />
outcome of health behaviour.<br />
The last part of the article reviews the impact of health on the capacity for work and the impact of<br />
work on health. A short overview is provided about diseases restricting the capacity for work,<br />
occupational diseases and work-related accidents.<br />
Demographic overview<br />
There are more boys than girls born. The proportion of boys among live births is 51–52%. In<br />
2010 the total of 15,825 children were born, 8,166 of them were boys and 7,659 were girls.<br />
Nevertheless, the proportion of males in total population is only 46%. As of 1 January 2011 the<br />
Estonian population was 1,340,194, including 617,757 males and 722,437 females. Lower<br />
proportion of men in the population is due to higher mortality of men at an early age in<br />
comparison with women. Already during infancy mortality is higher in case of boys than girls. In<br />
2010 the infant mortality rate (number of infant deaths during the first year of life per 1,000 live<br />
births) was 4.2 for boys and 2.5 for girls. The number of men and women evens up in their thirties<br />
and from there on the proportion of men is lower than that of women. The proportion of men<br />
among the population aged 85 and older is only 20%. (Figure 1)<br />
The main causes of infant death include certain conditions originating in the perinatal period and<br />
congenital malformations. In childhood and adolescence the main causes of death include<br />
accidents, injury and poisoning, which tend to affect boys to a greater extent. Accidents are<br />
men’s primary cause of death until the first half of their forties and are replaced by diseases of the<br />
circulatory system starting from the second half of their forties.<br />
Similar to most of the developed countries, the highest burden of disease in Estonia is caused by<br />
diseases of the circulatory system, which are greatly affected by personal health behaviour<br />
(nutrition, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity). However, in comparison to<br />
Western Europe and the Nordic countries, Estonia stands out with a relatively early age at which<br />
diseases of the circulatory system appear and lead to death (Rahvastiku … 2008). More common<br />
diseases include ischaemic heart diseases and hypertensive diseases. Diseases of the<br />
circulatory system are more common among women. Approximately 60% of women die because<br />
of diseases of the circulatory system (see Figure 2). Diseases of the circulatory system are the<br />
top cause of death for men as well, but less than a half of the men die because of these<br />
diseases. Men die from diseases of the circulatory system at a significantly earlier age than<br />
women.<br />
Malignant neouplasms represent the second leading cause of death. Modern knowledge of the<br />
causes and prevention of malignant neoplasms enables to prevent nearly 40% of new cancer<br />
cases (Rahvastiku … 2008). Neoplasms are considered the cause of death for about a quarter of<br />
men and one fifth of women. The most frequently fatal neoplasms are malignant neoplasm of<br />
larynx, trachea, bronchus and lung and malignant neoplasm of prostate for men, and malignant<br />
neoplasm of breast, malignant neoplasm of stomach and malignant neoplasm of colon for<br />
women. Men’s mortality due to malignant neoplasm of larynx, trachea, bronchus and lung<br />
exceeds that of women by four times.<br />
The third main cause of death includes accidents, injury and poisoning. The number of men who<br />
die because of an accident exceeds the relevant number of women by fourfold. A total of 3% of<br />
women and 12% of men are killed as a result of accidents. (Figure 2)<br />
Age-specific death rate represents the annual number of deaths per 1,000 men or women in the<br />
same age group. According to this indicator, the mortality of men exceeds the mortality of women<br />
in each age group (see Figure 3). This does not mean as if there are fewer deaths among<br />
women. In fact, both in 2009 and in 2010 more women died than men. Age-specific death rate<br />
enables to compare mortality by age groups, as it considers the population number in each age<br />
group. (Figure 3)<br />
<strong>MEHE</strong> <strong>KODU</strong> <strong>ON</strong> <strong>MAAILM</strong>, <strong>NAISE</strong> <strong>MAAILM</strong> <strong>ON</strong> <strong>KODU</strong>? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 51