MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

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SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TIME USE In order to interpret the results, it would be important to know the degree of involvement of different population groups in the activities considered, as well as the share of people who are not pursuing certain activities at all. One third of the people – 36% of men and 31% of women – are engaged in employment. These figures are significantly lower than the employment rate because, in addition to the working-age population, the survey included children aged 10–14 and pensioners whose employment activity is fairly low. As the majority of the surveyed population was made up of adults, the share of students is relatively small: only one tenth of the surveyed women and men were acquiring education. Involvement in household work or childcare is much more common than employment – 87% of people had performed at least some household tasks. While the level of employment is almost equal among women and men, the number of women performing household chores is much bigger than the corresponding number of men. Almost all women (93%) have spent time on household care, while one fifth of men have not done such work at all. Almost all people have spent time on sleeping, other personal care and leisure activities. Changes in the time use of females and males Changes in people’s time use, like changes in beliefs and social norms, take a long time to develop and, therefore, time use studies are particularly appropriate for mapping long-term changes. The attitudes do not change overnight and a change in attitudes is not immediately followed by adjustment of actual behaviour. Even though views about fair division of work between women and men have become more modern, this has not resulted in significant changes in the division of household work – women are still performing the majority of household tasks (Sayer, England et al. 2004). According to the Gender Equality Monitor of 2009 (Vainu et al. 2010), two thirds of Estonian inhabitants do not support the view that only the woman should be responsible for household care. Nevertheless, the same survey indicates that the burden of daily household chores is mainly borne by women. In addition to gender roles, changes in time use are caused also by technological developments. For instance, computers have significantly changed the leisure time use and various home appliances have reduced the time spent on household care. Due to the 24-hour limit, certain aspects of time use inevitably remain stable and changes in time distribution cannot be excessively large. The time spent on certain daily activities cannot be done away with or significantly reduced either and, consequently, changes in other activities can occur only within the limits of remaining time. The structure of daily time use of women and men has not changed significantly over ten years. Compared with 2000, people spend more time on leisure activities and the greatest decrease has occurred in time spent on employment, household and family care (see Figure 2). Leisure time has increased by 39 minutes for men and 34 minutes for women, with most of the additional time being spent at the computer. Increased unemployment is definitely one of the reasons for this additional leisure time (Mcginnity and Russell 2007). The unemployment rate of people aged 15–74 in Estonia was by three percentage points higher in 2010 than in 2000. The increase in unemployment was particularly prevalent among men. This trend is also characterised by a greater drop in the share of time spent on employment among men compared to women. The time spent by men on employment has shortened by over half an hour during ten years and only by six minutes in the case of women. While the share of employed men was smaller in 2010 than ten years before, the level of employment has increased among women. As employed persons spend on average less time on household work, this can partially explain the fact that the time spent by women on household and family care has shortened by more than half an hour. Less time than before is spent on food management and on care for textiles. Consequently, time saving has mainly been caused by changes in habits and priorities (people eat more in restaurants or buy ready-made meals) and wider use of various home appliances (most households have for example a washing machine). (Figure 2) The increased amount of leisure time can be partially explained by ageing of population (McGinnity and Russell 2007). As older people are generally no longer employed and do not have to care for children, the share of leisure time in their days is much greater than that of the MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 27
SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TIME USE working-age people. The overall share of leisure time increases with growing number of pensioners, and the total number of work hours in society decreases. In Estonia, the population ageing process is relatively fast and has been particularly rapid during the last 20 years (Puur and Põldma 2010). The share of people, who are at least 65 years of age, has grown from 15% to 17% during the period between the two time use surveys. As men now spend less time on employment and women spend less time on household care, gender gap has decreased in both types of work. Ten years ago, men spent over an hour more on employment than women, while women spent over two hours more on household and family than men. However, as changes in the two types of work have been of comparable size, the ratio between them has not changed and gender gap with regard to total committed time not decreased. Time use of females and males in European countries How women and men spend their time and how they divide various tasks depends on a lot of factors. Country of residence is an important factor that influences people’s daily life (McGinnity and Russell 2008). For instance, the average time spent on working depends on employment indicators, legislation governing working time, and popularity of part-time work in a particular country. Division of work in household and opportunities to combine work with family life depend on national social policy, support systems, services and options offered. In addition, the time use of women and men is affected by predominant gender roles and attitudes in a country and community. (Figure 3) Like Estonia, several European countries conducted the Time Use Survey at the beginning of the 2000s. As different age groups were surveyed in different countries, this comparison has been based on the time use of women and men belonging to the age group 20–74. Time use and gender differences therein have a generally similar structure in the majority of European countries. Women and men spend nearly a half of their days on sleeping, eating and other personal care activities. The French have the longest sleeping time. In all countries beside Estonia, where the sleeping time is equal for men and women, women sleep slightly longer than men. In all countries, men have more leisure time than women. The largest gender gaps were observed in Slovenia and Lithuania, where men’s leisure time is a little over an hour longer than that of women. The duration of leisure time of women and men in Norway and Sweden is almost equal. However, the largest differences between countries appear in the division of work between women and men (see Figure 3). In all countries, men spend more time on employment than on household care. The difference between the two types of work is the largest in Latvia, where employment takes up over three hours more of men’s time than household tasks. However, Belgian men spend almost similar amounts of time on household and employment duties (the difference is 40 minutes). The opposite is true for women: they spend more time on household care than on employment. The gap between household work and employment is the largest for Spanish women (2 h 49 min) and the smallest for Latvian women (27 min). Gender differences are partial reflections of different employment rates of women and men, as well as popularity of part-time work in different countries. Italian and Bulgarian women are predominantly occupied with household and family care, spending over five hours a day performing household tasks. Spanish, Slovenian and Estonian women also spend nearly five hours a day on hosuehold chores. Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish and Latvian women spend the least amount of time (less than four hours) doing household work. Among men, Slovenians, Bulgarians, Estonians and Swedes are the best at household care, spending on average two and a half hours a day on these tasks. Italian and Spanish men spend the least amount of time on household work. Thus, Italy and Spain have the largest and the Nordic countries the smallest gender differences in the time spent on household care. In terms of time spent on employment activities, the gap between women and men is the largest in Italy and 28 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?
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Page 3 and 4: Koostanud Statistikaameti rahvastik
Page 5 and 6: SAATESÕNA PREFACE PREFACE Overview
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KULTUURIASUTUSTES KÄIMINE VISITING
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