MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

More documents

Recommendations

Info

SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TIME USE as they try to combine the need to spend more time on employment, caused by higher expenses, with their increased care burden (McGinnity and Russell 2007). Financial difficulties and time pressures have a direct impact on parents’ and children’s welfare. At the other end of the spectrum are people (such as pensioners and the unemployed), who have too much spare time and who do not have enough meaningful activities to fill their days. Despite the ample leisure time, which should raise their state of welfare, they need not always have sufficient money or other opportunities for spending the time. Sex is probably one of the most important factors affecting time use. The use of time by women and men is reflective of their position in the society and is influenced by various gender stereotypes. Stereotypes are particularly deep-rooted in the upbringing of children and division of work in families. Men are still seen as the principal providers for their families (Vainu et al. 2010). Despite de iure equality, women and men actually have different rights, obligations, opportunities and responsibilities, and gender inequality is quite common (ibid). A gender gap can be seen, for instance, in labour market, healthcare, education and access to decision-making positions. The pay gap between women and men in Estonia is one of the largest in Europe and the labour market is segregated by gender, i.e., women and men are employed in different occupations and economic activites (Randoja 2008). The inequality in employment is carried over into the private sphere (Deding and Lausten 2006), creating a gender gap in household care and leisure time. Studies (Anxo and Carlin 2004) have indicated that the time spent on household work has a negative impact on women’s wages – the more time women spend on household tasks, the lower their wages. The fact that women’s wages are relatively lower further facilitates greater focus on household work. There is no correlation between wages and time spent on household work in case of men. However, if a woman earns higher wages, she is likely to spend less time on household work and a greater share of such work is done by her partner (ibid.). Average daily time use by females and males The analysis is based on the data of the Time Use Survey from 1999–2000 and 2009–2010 (hereinafter 2000 and 2010, respectively). This only reflects the time spent on primary activities, i.e., activities that the respondents considered as most important for them from among several simultaneous actions. In this approach, the total time available for activities is limited to 24 hours. However, monitoring only primary activities could lead to underestimation of actual time spent on some activities. Certain activities can occur more than others in a secondary position (i.e., they can be performed concurrently with others). Common secondary activities include pursuing various pastimes (watching TV, listening to radio or music, etc.), socializing with other people, and some household tasks (looking after children). In 2010, for example, people spent, concurrently with other activities, 11 minutes on looking after children, over half an hour on watching TV, almost an hour on listening to radio or music, and more than one hour on talking with others per day. Studies (Sayer 2007) have indicated that pursuing several activities simultaneously is particularly common among women. Compared to men, women spent 20 minutes more on various household tasks as a secondary activity. Consequently, the actual time use of women and men and the gender gap can be different from that identified only on the basis of primary activities. Figure 1 shows the average daily amount of time spent by Estonian women and men on eight primary activities. It should be remembered when interpreting the data that the survey included different groups – people of varying ages (starting from 10 years), socio-economic statuses, household types, and education. The average daily time use is calculated on the basis of an entire year, including both weekdays and weekends. The time spent on activities is calculated in relation to all persons included in the survey, irrespective of whether they pursued a particular activity or not. This explains, for instance, why the time spent on employment is significantly shorter than would be expected in case of persons who go to work regularly on normal workdays. Consequently, the estimate of average time use is a combination of the time spent on a particular activity and of the share of persons who pursued this activity. (Figure 1) MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME? 25
SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TIME USE Every person has only 24 hours available for performing duties and meeting needs. A part of this limited time has to be spent on daily necessities – sleeping, eating and other personal care activities. Indeed, sleep takes up the greatest portion of a 24-hour day. In 2010, an average person in Estonia spent 8 hours and 53 minutes in bed i.e. slightly more than a third of a day. There were no differences between sleep times of women and men. A little more than two hours per day were spent on other personal care activities, such as eating and getting dressed. While it is often believed that women spend significantly more time than men in front of the mirror, women actually spend only 10 minutes more on this than men. Various activities associated with getting dressed, washing and medical care take up almost an hour in a day of an average woman. The gender difference in this category was the largest (20 minutes) between young men and young women aged 15–24. Leaving aside the time spent on recurring daily activities, the amount of time left for other pursuits and entertainment is relatively small. This means that choices have to be made. Women and men use different criteria to make these choices (Glorieuz and Koelet 2002). When planning their day, men firstly consider their employment duties and leisure time activities. Employment is a significant consideration for women as well but, unlike men, household work and taking care of children are more important for them than leisure time (ibid.). The importance of leisure time for men is reflected by its large share in their day. In 2010, men spent the greatest amount of time after sleep on leisure activities – slightly over six hours, or one quarter of a day. Leisure time came second for women as well, but compared to men it took up less time in a day (5 h 16 min). For women, household work and taking care of children were in the third position in time use (4 h 8 min). Among men, household work was only fourth-placed and the time spent on that was one and a half hours shorter than in the case of women. Various household tasks took up more than a quarter (27%) of the daily time of women and lasted 60% longer than in the case of men. Combining leisure time and employment is very different from balancing various household chores and employment. As leisure time and employment belong to different areas of life, they complement each other and are easier to reconcile. However, both employment and household work can be described as occupied time. Fatigue and stress associated with one type of work is carried over to the other, because they both constitute forms of work. A long time spent on household tasks tends to reduce the time and energy available for employment (Glorieuz and Koelet 2002). The difficulties in combining different types of work are evident in the shorter amount of time spent by women on employment. In 2010, the average time spent on employment tasks was over two and a half hours among women and over three hours among men. Consequently, an average man spends over one fifth (22%) of his daily time on employment, while an average woman only spends 18%. Nearly half an hour a day is used for studying by both women and men, whereas men spend a little more time on this than women. As this concerns the average time use of all people, the amount of time spent on studying is relatively modest. Studying takes up the largest amount of time among children aged 10–14, who study for almost four hours on an average day (incl. weekends). Girls are somewhat more eager to study than boys – or at least they spend more time on this. The observation that men, at an older age, spend more time on studying is in line with the results of the Adult Education Survey 2007, which indicated that more women than men participate in adult training but men spend more time on this (Randoja 2009). By adding up the time spent on employment and household care, we can obtain a picture of the total workload of women and men. As men spend more time on employment, while women spend more time on household care, we could expect these two factors to balance each other out, so that there would be no major differences in total workload (Deding and Lausten 2006, Glorieuz and Koelet 2002). In Estonia, however, women’s and men’s participation in employment is at a relatively equal level, but there is a large gender gap to the disadvantage of women when it comes to household work. If we include both paid and unpaid work in the concept of work, we can see that women spend on average 6 hours and 49 minutes on this. The time spent on different types of work by men is shorter by one hour. 26 MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? MAN’S HOME IS THE WORLD, WOMAN’S WORLD IS HER HOME?
Page 1 and 2: MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM O
Page 3 and 4: Koostanud Statistikaameti rahvastik
Page 5 and 6: SAATESÕNA PREFACE PREFACE Overview
Page 7 and 8: SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GE
Page 25: SOOLISED ERINEVUSED AJAKASUTUSES GE
Page 37 and 38: TERVIS JA TÖÖVÕIME HEALTH AND CA
Page 61 and 62: TÖÖ- JA PEREELU ÜHITAMINE RECONC
Page 77 and 78:
TÖÖ- JA PEREELU ÜHITAMINE RECONC
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
KULTUURIASUTUSTES KÄIMINE VISITING
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
NAISED JA MEHED HARIDUSELUS WOMEN A
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
HARIDUSE PEEGELDUS TÄISKASVANUEAS
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129:
MÄRKIDE SELETUS EXPLANATION OF SYM
show all

MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?

MEHE KODU ON MAAILM, NAISE MAAILM ON KODU? - Tartu Ãlikool