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to, and awareness of, God).2 The following is the text of the ‘Hadith
Jibril’ in which Islam is defined, as narrated by the second Caliph
of Islam, the great ‘Umar Ibn al-Khattab:
“One day when we were sitting [in Medina] with the Messenger
of God [the Prophet Muhammad ] there came unto us a
man whose clothes were of exceeding whiteness and whose hair
was of exceeding blackness, nor were there any signs of travel
upon him, although none of us knew him. He sat down knee
upon knee opposite the Prophet, upon whose thighs he placed
the palms of his hands, saying: ‘O Muhammad, tell me what
is the surrender (Islam)’. The Messenger of God answered
him saying: ‘The surrender is to testify that there is no God
but God and that Muhammad is God’s Messenger, to perform
the prayer, bestow the alms, fast Ramadan and make if you
can, the pilgrimage to the Holy House.’ He said: ‘You have
spoken truly,’ and we were amazed that having questioned him
he should corroborate him. Then he said: ‘Tell me what is faith
(Iman)’. He answered: ‘To believe in God and His Angels and
His Books and His Messengers and the Last Day [the Day of
Judgement], and to believe that no good or evil comes but by
His Providence’. ‘You have spoken truly,’ he said, and then:
‘Tell me what is excellence (Ihsan)’. He answered: ‘To worship
God as if you saw Him, for if you see Him not, yet He sees
you’. ‘You have spoken truly,’ he said … Then the stranger
went away, and I stayed a while after he had gone; and the
Prophet said to me: ‘O ‘Umar, do you know the questioner,
who he was?’ I said: ‘God and His Messenger know best’. He
said: ‘It was Gabriel [the Archangel]. He came unto you to
teach you your religion (din)’.” 3
But what do these five rites, six tenets and single spiritual state
have in common? Why and how are they sufficient to constitute
2 Thus Islam as such is orthopraxy, whereas Iman as such is orthodoxy, at least as far as the
basic articles of faith are concerned.
3 Sahih Muslim, Kitab Al-Iman, 1; no. 1.
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