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Title: Science Case Reference: MUSE-MEM-SCI-052 Issue: 1.3 Date: 04/02/2004 Page: 29/100 SSA22 proto-cluster (z=3.09) hint that the same is likely to be true in high redshift systems (Fig 2-10). The geometry of this flow is an important constraint. Is the galaxy formation process terminated by an explosion that drives a near spherical shell, or is there a balance between a bi-polar outflow and continued inflow along orthogonal directions? These are key questions that we can compare to numerical simulations that are being developed to model super-wind out-flows in proto-galaxies. Each pointing will identify ~15 objects with continuum magnitudes brighter than I AB =23, we will detect the rest-frame UV continuum with sufficient s/n to map the velocity structure of the neutral ISM through absorption lines such as SiII. This will allow us to map the structure of both the emitting and absorbing material, making a very detailed test of the geometry of the outflow/inflow and thus allowing us to assess the balance of cooling and feedback. 2.5.2. Measuring Feedback with QSO sightlines A powerful technique for studying the larger scale impact of feedback is to target fields containing QSOs that are sufficiently bright for absorption line studies. In this way, the redshifts of the Ly α emitters can be compared to absorption features in the QSO spectrum (often referred to as the Ly α forest), allowing us to probe the association between the young galaxies and the neutral gas from which they form. Adelberger et al., (2003) performed this experiment using Lyman-break galaxies at z~3. For galaxies with a large separation (>2 co-moving Mpc) from the QSO sight-line, they found that there was a higher than average probability of an absorption feature, as is shown in Figure 2-11. This is the result of the cosmic web discussed in section 2.3 and shows that galaxies are formed in regions of large scale overdensity, as we would expect from simulations of the large-scale structure of the universe. At small separations (
Title: Science Case Reference: MUSE-MEM-SCI-052 Issue: 1.3 Date: 04/02/2004 Page: 30/100 In a single MUSE field, we expect to detect 100 emitters over the redshift range 2.8 to 4 in a 10 hour exposure. The typical sizes of the virial halos associated with these galaxies, as derived from the simulations, are 0.2 Mpc radius, only a factor 1.8 smaller than the Lymanbreak galaxies selected by Adelberger et al. Among these 100 galaxies, we expect to find 26 objects bright enough to have spatially resolved information. There are 59 currently known QSOs at z>4 that are sufficiently bright (V>100, or 1% accuracy in absorption) can be obtained from the data cube. An optimal subsample can be selected from these quasars to ensure that the sight line is not blocked (at z>2.8) by a damped absorption line system. Re-observing the quasar with an echelle spectrograph like UVES would allow the absorption features to be deblended and centroided individually, but this is not strictly required since we will need only to determine the mean transmission at the systemic redshift of the proto-galaxy. A more significant issue is the offset between the systemic redshift and that measured from Lyman alpha emission, but Adelberger convincingly demonstrates that this can be determined by cross-correlating the absorption line data. If we targeting 4 such fields, we will obtain a sample of 400 objects, including 100 spatially resolved. In contrast Adelberger et al.'s results are based on only 6 objects. Thus, rather than simply detecting the neutral hydrogen deficit, the size of the MUSE sample will allow us to measure the strength of the superwind as a function of galaxies' emission line strength and continuum flux (both measures of the star formation rate). We would be able to divide the sample into a 6x6 grid of luminosity and separation from the QSO sightline, and to still measure the average neutral hydrogen density in each bin to better than 5%. This sample will revolutionise our view of feedback, allowing us to study the strength, geometry and impact of the superwind as a function of the underlying star formation rate and galaxy mass. We have seen how the large galaxies samples available from the SLOAN survey have revolutionarised our view of the local universe. The size of the sample we derive from MUSE will similarly revolutionise our view of Fig 2-11. The mean transmission at the redshift of the protogalaxy as a function of the distance of the proto-galaxy from the line of sight, from Adelberger et al., (2003). The mean transmission at randomly chosen redshifts is shown as a horizontal dashed line. As the separation between the protogalaxy and the line of sight decreases, the transmission initially drops. This is due to the large-scale association of proto-galaxies and Ly α absorbers. This trend is expected from theory (as shown by the thin dotted and dashed lines). At small separations, however, the trend is reversed and the transmission increases. At separations
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